AP Psych Unit 0 cards

Sample Bias

when a chosen sample does not accurately represent the true population

Convenience Bias

Only utilizing participants who are easy to reach

Voluntary Response Bias

Only utilizing participants who self volunteer

Exclusion Bias

Systematically leaving certain groups out of the study

Random Assignment

Randomly sorting participants into either the control group or the experimental group to avoid sample bias

Single-Blind Study

An experimental design where the participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group

Double-Blind Study

An experimental design where neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with them know who belongs to which group.

Peer Review

An essential quality-control process where independent experts in the same field evaluate a study before it is published to ensure its scientific quality, validity, methodology, and credibility.

The 3 R's of Animal Ethics

1. Replace (use non-animal alternatives whenever possible), 2. Reduce (use the minimum number of animal subjects necessary), and 3. Refine (minimize pain, fear, and discomfort).

Qualitative Data

In-depth, exploratory research that yields non-numeric, descriptive information

Quantitative Data

Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed using statistical methods

Standard Deviation

Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed using statistical methods

Bimodel distribution

A distribution of data that features two distinct peaks, representing two highly frequent scores or clusters.

Correlation Study

Measuring statistical relationships between variables.

Natural Observation

Observing behavior in raw, organic environments.​

Meta-Analysis

Combining and analyzing data from multiple past studies.