Human Development: A Cultural Approach chapter 9

VO2 max

Ability of body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; also called maximum oxygen update

Cardiac output

quantity of blood flow from the heart

Morningness

Preference for going to bed early and waking up early

Eveningness

Preference for going to bed late and waking up late

Social control

Restraints on behavior imposed by social obligations and relationships

Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL)

Government program in which young people obtain driving privileges gradually, contingent on a safe driving record, rather than all at once

Binge Drinking

Consuming five or more drinks in a row for men, four in a row for women

Unstructured socializing

Socializing with friends without any specific goal or activity; includes behavior such as riding around in a car for fun, going to parties, visiting friends informally, and going out with friends

Postformal thinking

According to some theorists, the stage of cognitive development that follow formal operations and includes advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment

Pragmatism

Theory of cognitive development proposing that postformal thinking involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations

Dialectical Thought

According to Basseches, a kind of thinking in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit

Reflective Judgment

Capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments, theorized to develop during emerging adulthood

Tertiary Education

Education or training beyond secondary school

Unemployment

Work status of adults who are not in school, are not working, and are looking for a job

Identity versus Identity Confusion

In Erikson's theory, the crisis of adolescence, with two alternative paths, establishing a clear and definite identity, or experiencing identity confusion, which is a failure to form a stable and secure identity

Identity Status Model

model for researching Erikson's theory of identity development, classifying four categories: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, or achievement

Bicultural identity

Identity with two distinct facets, for example one for the local culture and one for the global culture, or one within one's ethnic group one one for others

Stereotype

Belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group

Cohabitation

Unmarried romantic partners living together

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

Infection transmitted through sexual contact

Digital Device

Electronic device that allows contact via phone and text messages as well as access to the Internet, videos, television, and direct video conversations

Social-networking web site

Web site that allows people to establish and maintain electronic contact with a wide social group

Text messaging

Form of communication on mobile phones that involves typing a message on the screen and sending it

In the United States, nearly all 18-29 year olds (89%) agreed with the statement___________.

"I am confident that eventually I will get to where I want to be in life."

According to Arnett, four revolutionary changes took place in the____________that laid the foundation for the new life stage of emerging adulthood.

1960s and 1970s

An emerging adult answered the question, "What is the most important criteria for becoming an adult?" with the response of "becoming capable of supporting my parents financially." This person is most likely from________.

Japan

When asked about the most important criteria for becoming an adult, an emerging adult from the United States is most likely to say_____________.

Being financially independent

Research has shown that in developing countries____________are more likely to experience emerging adulthood.

Young people in urban areas

Grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake, and bone density all peak during what period

The 20s

Which of the following statements about the health of emerging adults is most accurate?

Exercise tends to decline from adolescence through emerging adulthood, but overall this is a healthy stage of life

According to research(Brown et al. 2002), college students are more than twice as likely as other adults to report___________.

Delayed sleep phase syndrome

Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults?

The peak of eveningness comes at around age 20-21.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on college students' sleep patterns?

Preferences for morningness and eveningness change with age.

Several interventions have been developed to reduce automobile injuries and fatalities for young drivers. Which of the following approaches has been shown to be most effective?

Graduated driver licensing programs

Across developed countries, the most serious threat to the lives and health of adolescents and emerging adults comes from_________________.

Automobile driving

Researchers who study young drivers have found that___________.

Young drivers are more likely than older drivers to believe their friends would approve of risky behavior, such as speeding

Data from the national Monitoring the Future study has shown that substance use of all kinds peaks in the______.

20's

The relation between unstructured socializing and deviance applies to_________.

Both genders

Two of the most notable aspects of___________ in emerging adulthood concerns advances in pragmatism and reflective judgement.

Postformal thought

According to Labouvie-Vief, how would an adolescent who is in formal operations respond to the following scenario? "A man who was a heavy drinker, especially at parties, was warned by his wife that if he came home drunk one more time, she would leave him and take the children. Sometime alter he went to an office party and came home drunk. What will she do?"

"She said she would leave if he came home drunk once more, he came home drunk, therefore she will leave."

Bianca, a third-year college student, has developed a type of thinking that would be characterized as relativism. This means she_________.

Is able to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view

According to Perry, adolescents tend to engage in____________________: an act is either right or wrong, with no in-between; a statement is either true or false, regardless of the nuances of the situation.

Dualistic thinking

According to Perry, reflective judgement__________.

Is more common when the educational system promotes tolerance of diverse points of view

You are talking to a person from another country. She told you that when she was admitted to university in her native country, she studied in only one topic area, rather than taking courses in various disciplines as part of general education requirements. On which of the following continents is she most likely to have attended college?

Europe

Why does it take much longer for an undergraduate degree now compared to a few decades ago?

Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete degree.

Assuming they are all serious students, which of the following individuals would be most likely to describe their college or university experience as a relatively relaxed time to think and explore?

A student from Japan

Which of the following is one of the largest factors explaining the high rates of unemployment among minority groups?

Shifting employment patterns in the American economy

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be unemployed during emerging adulthood?

Simon, an African American

What happens to self-esteem for most people during emerging adulthood?

It increases

According to Erikson's theory_______________.

Failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in identity confusion.

Jacob, an only child, has been pressured by his father to take over the family car business. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this because his father told him that he wanted to be able to pass on the fruits of his labor and Jacob doesn't think he can earn a better salary doing anything else. He has not explored his options, but has passively accepted the identity his father imposed on him. According to Marcia's model, Jacob would be described as_______.

Foreclosed

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is reflected in the idea of the American "melting pot?"

Assimilation

Shakira and Jerome are in an argument over childcare. Rather than put their two children in daycare, Jerome would like to be a stay-at-home father. Shakira thinks that because Jerome is a man, he will not be able to nurture and care for their two children as well as she would. Shakira is exhibiting concerns rooted in_______.

Gender stereotypes

Doug refers to himself as a "cafeteria Catholic" because he believes in God and follows some of the practices of his religion, but ignores the rest. According to Smith and Snell (2010), Doug would be categorized as__________.

A liberal believer

Research on the religious beliefs and practices of emerging adults has shown that______.

Religious beliefs and practices are associated with lower rates of participation in a number of risk behaviors, as well as higher well-being

Which of the following statements best describes political development during emerging adulthood?

Emerging adults tend to be skeptical of the motivations of politicians

Which of the following is TRUE regarding political involvement in emerging adulthood?

Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in extreme political movements

In the United States, ________________ are LEAST LIKELY to be living at home with their parents in their early 20s.

White Americans

Which of the following people would most likely willingly and happily live with his or her parents until his or her late 20s or early 30s?

Antonio, an emerging adult from Italy

When it comes to friendship in emerging adulthood____________.

Intimacy continues to be an important component

Which of the following best illustrates the process of "recentering" as defined by Jennifer Tanner?

The center of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner

Of all the many uses of the Internet, the number one use is___________.

Accessing pornography

In emerging adulthood,___________.

Rates of residential change in American society are much higher at ages 18 to 29 than any other period of life

Emerging adults who live in___________ would emphasize becoming capable of supporting parents financially as among the most important criteria for becoming an adult.

Japan

Which of the following is true of emerging adults' health?

The heat is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults?

Sleep dept has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning

Researches who study young drivers have found that_______.

Graduated driver licensing (GDL) is an excellent approach to reducing automobile accidents

Binge drinking__________.

Is more likely among emerging adults than those in other age groups because they spend more time in unstructured socializing

Dialectical thought_____________.

Involves the growing awareness that problems often have no clear-cut solutions

Reflective judgement____________.

Is more likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism

An emerging adult from_____________would most likely to express the following sentiment upon first entering college: "In many ways, college is easier than high school; it's a relief to spend less time on homework and to have more time to explore my options."

Japan

Based on Murnane and Levy's research, which of the following is considered one of the six basic skills necessary for success at the most promising new jobs available to high school graduates in the changing economy?

Collaborating in diverse groups

For most people, self-esteem ____________.

Rises during emerging adulthood

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses involves rejecting one's culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture?

Marginality

Which of the following is true of gender-related evaluations of work?

Some studies have found that evaluations can be especially harsh when a person's behavior violates stereotypical gender expectations

Which of the following best describes religious beliefs in emerging adulthood?

In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualized

Which of the following is true of emerging adults' political beliefs?

Emerging adults tend to be skeptical of the motivations of politicians

_______________________are most likely to be living on their own than with their parents in their early twenties.

White Americans

Leisure activities with friends______________.

Decline steadily in the course of the twenties

Male emerging adults are more likely than females to___________.

Be willing to have intercourse with someone they have known for only a few hours

Based on current research, which is a true statement about media use in emerging adulthood?

Social networking profiles are a way for individuals to express their identity.