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latent learning
unobservable learning
purposive behaviorism
behavior has purpose, in that it’s aimed at attaining one’s goals (end result)
cognitive maps
learning where different parts of the environment are situated in relation to one another
gestalt psychology
emphasized the importance of organizational processes in perception, learning and problem-solving
phi phenomenon
the analysis and description of this optical illusion by Max Wertheimer is the origin of Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt
german word for “structured whole”
People are predisposed to organized experiences, and do so in predictable ways
Examples:
law of proximity
law of closure
law of Pragnanz
law of proximity
when people tend to perceive as a unit those things that are close together in space
law of similarity
when people tend to perceive as a unit those things that physically resemble one another
law of closure
when people tend to fill in missing pieces to form a complete picture
law of Pragnanz (Kurt Koffka)
people always organize their experience as simply, concisely, symetrically and completely as possible
Information Processing Theory
how people perceive the stimuli around them, how they “put” what they’ve perceived in their memories, how they “find wahat they learned when they need to use it, and how they use what they’ve learned to tackle new tasks and problems
Constructivism
learning is more so constructing knowledge rather than it is directly acquiring it from the world
Individual Constructivism
process of construction occuring individually within each learner
Examples: Law of proximity/similarity and formation of cognitive maps
Social Constructivism
encompasses theories that focus on how people work together to create new knowledge
Examples: forming a study group
Contextual Theories
idea that people’s thinking and learning are inextricably intertwined with their physical bodies or with their immediate physical, social, and cultural environments
Theories of embodiment
addresses the ways in which people’s brains function in close connection with rest of their bodies and with certain concrete objects in their physical surroundings
Example: learning to ride a bike and playing sports
Theories of Distributed Cognition
focus on how people often think and perform more effectively when they can take advantage of physical objects or cultural creations, or even when they can think and discuss ideas with other people
Example: using GPS or maps and doing groupworks
