C1 Reading

slumber

sleep

tinge

a slight amount of a color, feeling, or quality

premise

a belief, assumption, or starting idea

dogmatic

stubbornly insisting one’s opinion is correct

unpretentious

humble; not showing off

apprised (of)

informed about

incensed (by)

very angry because of

rectify

to fix or correct

retain

to keep

acquired

gained; obtained

speculated

guessed or formed a theory without certainty

supposition

an assumption or belief made without proof

surmise

to guess or infer with limited evidence

innocuous

harmless

discern

to recognize or notice

explicable

able to be explained

epitomize

to be the perfect example of

transcend

to go beyond; exceed

anticipate

to expect beforehand

variable

changeable; not constant

stymie

to block or prevent progress

disparage

to criticize or belittle

outstrip

to surpass; exceed

competent

capable; skilled

transpose

to switch or exchange positions

mediate

to influence, intervene, or act as a middleman

decouple

to separate; disconnect

haphazard

random; disorganized

arduous

difficult; requiring great effort

contract (verb)

to become smaller; shrink; develop

exhaustive

complete and thorough

impenetrable

impossible to enter or understand

indecipherable

impossible to understand or read

desultory

lacking a plan; disconnected; random

spurious

false; fake

veritable

genuine; true

notional

theoretical; existing only as an idea

irrelevant

not related; not important to the topic

repudiate

to reject completely

contemporary

modern; existing now

recant

to publicly take back a statement or belief

corroborate

to confirm or support with evidence

disseminate

to spread or distribute widely (especially information)

optimize

to make as effective or efficient as possible

cause

the reason something happens

existence

the state of being real or existing

implication

a consequence or suggested meaning

scale

size, extent, or magnitude

contrived

artificial; forced; unnatural

nuisance

something or someone that is annoying; an inconvenience

subsume (under/in)

to include or absorb into a larger group or category

Laity

ordinary people who are not religious leaders.

Pulpits

raised platforms in a church where a preacher speaks.

Recount

to tell or describe something that happened.

Dread

great fear or worry about something.

Convey

to communicate or express an idea or feeling.

Dilemma

a difficult choice between two or more options.

Inherent

naturally existing as part of something.

Repose

a state of rest or peace.

Abide

to follow or obey.

Zealous

very passionate or enthusiastic.

Desirous

wanting something.

Parlour (Parlor)

a sitting room for guests.

Drawback

a disadvantage.

Facilitates

makes something easier.

Maneuvering

moving or acting skillfully.

Foliage

the leaves of plants or trees.

Tender

gentle or soft.

Languish

to weaken or decline.

Floweret

a small flower.

Displaced

moved from the usual place.

Preliminary

coming before the main event.

Transplanted

moved and replanted in a new place.

Induced

caused or persuaded.

Tenuous

weak or fragile.

Amid

in the middle of.

Conducive

helping to produce a result.

Inconceivable

impossible to imagine or believe.

Commiserating

expressing sympathy for someone’s troubles.

Woe

great sadness or distress.

Proffer

to offer or present.

Stifling

extremely hot, restrictive, or suffocating.

Synchronized

happening at the same time.

Disputed

questioned or argued about.

Disorienting

causing confusion or loss of direction.

Invigorating

giving energy or strength.

Immersive

deeply involving or absorbing.

Wander

to move without a clear direction.

Labyrinthine

very confusing or maze-like.

Hinges

depends on.

Depart

to leave.

Endorse

to publicly support, approve, or recommend something or someone.

Desultory

lacking a clear plan or purpose.

Spurious

false or not genuine.

Veritable

real; true; genuine.

Notional

existing only as an idea or concept.

Indistinct

not clear or difficult to see or understand.

Implicit

implied but not directly stated.

Repudiates

rejects or refuses to accept.

Recants

takes back a previously stated belief or opinion.