Sub-Saharan Africa & Latin America Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards about Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America

Sahara

Separated Africa into distinct regions, but was a significant trade route.

Sahel

The dry, semi-arid scrubland south of the Sahara.

Un-navigable rivers/large deserts/a broken coastline with many bays and inlets

Despite its physical size and international importance, sub-Saharan Africa was isolated throughout much of history by all of these features.

Nok culture of northern Nigeria

Archeologists have found evidence that iron technology was in place as early as 500 BCE.

Axum

Unique in Africa's history because of its claim as the origination point of a 3,000-year-old Christian Kingdom.

Axum

This early African civilization's major cities were along the Nile River (though Kush is more directly associated).

Axum

This early African civilization was the first official Christian state in the world.

Axum

This early African civilization created "stelae" as funerary markers.

Axum

This early African civilization controlled trade in the Red Sea from its port cities.

Axum

This early African civilization had strong ties to Egypt and also built pyramids (more directly Kush).

Axum

At first it was largely homogeneous, and then it became very diverse through its extensive trade.

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai

The prosperity of these kingdoms depended MOST directly upon their advantageous location for trade.

Ghana

This early African civilization's capital and most important trade center was the city of Kumbi Saleh.

Ghana

Early African civilization controlled trans-Saharan trade.

Ghana

Early African civilization collapsed when Almoravid Berbers declared Jihad on its territory and internal revolts led to its absorption into another empire.

Timbuktu

Became known for its library and university that served as a center of learning for the Muslim world during the great kingdoms of Mali and Songhai.

Mansa Musa

His voyage to Mecca was significant because he became legendary for his extravagance and inspired foreign interest in Africa.

Sundiata

Founded the Mali Empire.

Songhai

Early African civilization controlled trade by using its navy on the Niger River.

Songhai

Early African civilization collapsed when it became too large to be effectively managed from a central location.

Ashanti and Dahomey

These two West African kingdoms were well known for catching slaves that were sold along the Atlantic Slave Trade.

"Middle Passage"

Many people died as a result of poor sanitation and overcrowding during this.

Salt

This was as valuable as gold in many sub-Saharan societies, and was often traded for gold on a pound for pound basis.

The massive growth of the African slave trade in the sixteenth century

The intense labor needs created by the development of a sugar crop in South America and the Caribbean was the most important reason for this.

Axum

Slavery existed in this early African society.

The period of exploration in Africa

Europeans developed a greater interest in the resources of Africa because of this period.

Berlin Conference

This nineteenth-century conference officially began European conquest of African lands.

Berlin Conference

European powers decided the rules for splitting up African territory during the _.

Liberia and Ethiopia

The "Scramble for Africa" led to the European colonization of the whole African continent EXCEPT for what two countries?

Ethiopia

It was already Christian and acted as a buffer state between colonies, which is why this country was untouched in the Scramble for Africa.

Liberia

It was already used by the USA as a place to send freed slaves back home, which is why this country was untouched in the Scramble for Africa.

Belgium

Congo had abundant natural resources, such as rubber and timber, that were important for creating industrial goods, which was the primary motive behind this country's colonization of Congo.

German colonies

They were given to other colonial powers to rule at the end of WWI.

Nationalist movements

A common goal to end European rule in Africa was a major factor in the development of these in the 20th-century throughout Africa.

Ghana

This was the first Sub-Saharan African country to gain its independence from colonization.

Shaka Zulu

He was a brilliant military strategist who built a great empire.

Mau Mau rebellion

This was a violent uprising that helped lead to the independence of Kenya.

1950s and 1960s

The achievement of political independence characterized this historical period for most African countries.

Kwame Nkrumah

This African leader is most associated with the concept of "Pan-Africanism" and the use of the OAU.

A powerful force for change

The desire for self-determination and independence in African nations became this in the years following WWII.

Nationalism

This is an expression of "We are Nigerians and we wish to remain so. We have our own customs and our own traditions. Our immediate goal should be to develop the wealth of our country and improve our standard of living."

Social Darwinism

Europeans were encouraged to conquer Africa because of this until the late 1800s.

Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Patrice Lumumba

All played a major role in independence movements in Africa.

Indirect rule as practiced by the British

Local rulers were not replaced by British officials.

Gold and diamonds

These were the main motivation for British involvement in South Africa.

"Sharpeville massacre"

Worldwide protests against the South African government was one result of this event.

Soweto

This referred to a black South African township that had been the scene of many violent protests against apartheid.

British and French

The British preferred to use local institutions to control subject populations, while the French did not, which is one significant difference between these two imperial models in Africa.

South Africa's Boer Wars at the turn of the 20th century

British settlers fought against Boer settlers.

Apartheid

This policy of division was officially legalized in 1948, after the National Party gained power of 90% of the population.

Bantustans

Before the late 1990s, blacks in South Africa were forced to live in these.

Nelson Mandela

This leader of the African National Congress was jailed for decades before he was released and became the first black African president of his country.

The Hausa and Ibo of Nigeria and the Tutsis and Rwanda

Their differences led to disastrous civil wars.

Rwandan genocide

The assassination of Juvenal Habyarimana was the immediate cause of this event.

A long-term reason as to why the situation in Rwanda deteriorated into genocide

Rwanda's colonizers created arbitrary ethnic division that led to a struggle for political power after independence, which best explains this.

Cash crops are important to most African countries

These crops can be sold abroad to bring money into the country.

A lack of capital for investment

An important economic problem in most of the nations of Africa has been this.

Cash crops are important to most African countries

These crops can be sold abroad to bring money into the country.

The boundaries of modern African nations mainly because modern national boundaries tend to follow former colonial boundaries

They do not usually follow tribal boundaries because this.

Patrice Lumumba

The assassination of this individual, the first Prime Minister of post-colonial Congo, initiated a pattern of violence and repressive leadership.

The colonial capital of African colonies

It was usually the largest city, it already had good communication and transportation facilities, and it was the country's most prosperous market, which is why this would usually become the capital of an independent African nation.

The main impact of the Cold War on Africa

The superpowers created further instability by arming African groups that supported their ideological interests.

Angola and Mozambique

These countries became a battleground for the Cold War in Africa?

Neo-Colonialism

Economic dominance by the former colonizing power.

The movement of Boer settlers into South Africa's interior in the 1830s

Seizure of the original Boer regions by the British caused this event.

Maya

We know the LEAST about what happened to cause the demise of this group.

Aztecs

Hernan Cortes conquered this group.

Cortez

These enemies wanted revenge for the brutality of Aztec conquest and rule, which is why this person was able to ally himself with them.

Tenochtitlan

It was the Aztec capital that was destroyed by Cortez and the conquistadors, which is why this is an especially significant city.

Aztec

This group acquired empires by means of military conquest.

Incas

Francisco Pizarro conquered this group.

Incas

The creation of a complex road system through the mountains was a major accomplishment of this group.

Incas

This group acquired empires by means of military conquest.

Mesoamerica

Archaeologists call this region in which the first New World civilizations began.

By the end of the "Age of Discovery" associated with Europe's arrival in the Western Hemisphere (ca. 1700)

Death rates for indigenous peoples had risen drastically, European political control was in place over much of the Americas, and a European economic system was firmly in place over much of the hemisphere.

It is said that the early colonizers of Latin America went for these three things.

Glory, God, and gold.

Early Spanish colonizers were most interested in taking this resource from Latin America

Gold and silver.

The "Black Legend"

Viewed Spanish treatment of indigenous peoples as immoral and inhumane.

Why the Spanish began to look for a Westward route to India

Improvements in technology made long sea voyages possible, the Muslim capture of Constantinople made it difficult to travel and trade through the East, and Spain had a strong central monarchy willing to finance the expeditions prompted this.

"Encomienda"

A grant by the Crown to the labor of a specific number of indigenous people for a set period of time.

Bartolome de Las Casas

The Spanish government paid more attention to the needs of the indigenous population because of this' publications.

The idea behind the "extractive economies" established in Latin America

A focus towards the needs and markets of the Iberian peoples.

Encomienda

New World indigenous peoples served as peasant laborers and were supposed to be protected by the Spanish crown and its landowners under this system.

Mercantilist

Countries primarily sought colonies in order to provide markets and raw materials for the mother country, according to this theory.

"Audiencias"

They established legal traditions and later provided the boundaries for independent nations, which was the significance of what under Spanish rule?

The work that the majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the Caribbean for

The harvesting and processing of sugar.

If we consider the entirety of the colonial history in all of Latin America, the resource which has proven most profitable is _.

Agriculture.

The uprising in México as led by Father Hidalgo

Father Hidalgo wanted radical social change, but Bolivar and San Martin did not, which was different about this uprising when compared to the revolutions led by Bolivar and San Martin.

Simon Bolivar

A British-style democracy was proposed for independent Latin American nations by this person.

The struggle for Brazilian independence

Brazil remained a monarchy after independence, which is why this was distinctive in Latin American history.

wealth, social prestige, and political power

Land was the basis of this in nineteenth-century Latin America.

John Locke

His theory of "natural rights" influenced the French and American Revolutions, and convinced Latin American leaders to assert their desire for independence.

The concentration of power in a small group of landowners

A major effect of colonial rule in many Latin American nations has been this.

The American Revolution influenced independence movements in South America

Providing an example of a successful colonial rebellion.

Venezuela and Argentina

Simon Bolivar & Jose de San Martin were respectively the liberators of what two countries?

The Treaty of Tordesillas

This divided territory around the Atlantic between Portugal and Spain.

In what ways did the French Revolution and Napoleon influence Latin American revolutions in the 19th century?

Napoleon's conquest of Europe frightened the Latin American elite who feared too much social change, Locke's theory of "natural rights" influenced the French and American Revolutions and convinced Latin American leaders to assert their desire for independence, and the defeat of Spain showed that it was weak and could no longer maintain control.

Influences on Bolivar's revolutionary movements

The successful revolt of the US, creoles resentment of political opportunity under Spanish rule (caused by awareness of Enlightenment ideals), and Napoleon's conquest of Spain preoccupying the Spanish monarchy.

Creoles

Those born in the New World whose ancestry was pure European, when discussing Latin America.

Mexican emperor

Augustin de Iturbide became this ruler after the successful Mexican revolt against Spanish rule.