Do most types of human cancers act like an infectious disease?
No, because they do not spread from one individual to another like an infectious disease
Which 2 tumor types in the western world could clearly be tied to viruses?
•Cervical carcinomas
•Hepatomas (liver carcinomas)
T or F: during the 1970s attempts to isolate viruses from human tumors was mostly successful
False
Transfection
technique to introduce naked DNA into mammalian cells
What did extensively studying infectious agents uncover?
studying these infectious agents uncovered many cellular oncogenes (proto-oncogenes) and tumor suppressor genes
Do cellular oncogenes exist in transformed cells?
No because 3-MC converted previously normal genes into mutant alleles that function as oncogenes
How did they figure out whether or not transformed cells have cellular oncogenes?
Chemically transformed mouse fibroblasts - treated repeatedly with carcinogen and mutagen 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) - component of coal tars
What is 3-MC
mutagen 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) - component of coal tars
True or False: Cells derived from human carcinomas capable of transforming mouse fibroblasts
True
Can oncogenes work across species to induce cell transformation
Yes
What cancer was amplification of erbB-related gene seen in?
Breast Cancer
What is the relationship between the increase in gene copy number and survival rate
Increase in gene copy number of more than 5 copies per cancer cell correlated with a decreased number of patients who survived
What was the conclusion to this experiment?
3-MC converted previously normal genes into mutant alleles that function as oncogenes
Which picture shows abnormal cells?
The left shows abnormal appearance of the cells in the focus
Which picture shows normal cells?
-The right shows normal cells.
-They are untransformed cells outside of the focus
True or False: oncogenes work across species to induce cell transformation
True
What does this picture show?
Transfection of DNA from the T24 human bladder carcinoma cell line
True or False: Cells derived from human carcinomas are not capable of transforming mouse fibroblasts.
False
Are oncogenes carried by transforming retroviruses related to oncogenes discovered in human tumor cell lines?What
Oncogenes discovered in human tumor cell lines are related to those carried by transforming retroviruses
What technique is used to detect gene amplification in other tumors?
FISH
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (abbreviated FISH) is a laboratory technique used to detect and locate a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome.
Amplicon
unit of DNA amplification
When erB2/HER2 is amplified, what happens to closely linked (nearby) genes?
They are also amplified
Are co-amplified genes important in establishing the cancer cell phenotype?
yes
Are all cancers localized to 1 or 2 chromosomes?
No, some some cancers have altered transcripts in many chromosomes
Are the oncogenes originally discovered through their association with retroviruses normal?
No, many of the oncogenes originally discovered through their association with retroviruses could be found in a mutated, activated state in human genomes
When can proto-oncogenes be activated?
Proto-oncogenes can be activated by genetic changes affecting protein expression or structure
What are ways gene amplification can be achieved?
Retroviruses altering the promoter region of a gene and turning it on constitutively (constant)
By other regulatory molecules in cancer cells
Single base substitution identified in H-ras oncogene
Chromosomal Translocation
Structural changes in proteins- growth factor receptors
True or False: Gene amplification can only be caused by retroviruses altering the promoter region of a gene and turning it on constitutively
False, there are many ways genes can be amplified
Where is H-ras found?
•present in bladder carcinoma as a single gene copy
•Mutated version of this gene was detected in bladder carcinoma cells
True or False: changing one nucleotide won’t convert a normal gene to an oncogene
False: G→T point mutation responsible for converting H-ras (normal gene) into a potent oncogene
What is the first mutation discovered that lead to neoplastic growth of a human cancer?
G→T point mutation
Where did the point mutation occur in H-ras oncogene?
Reading frame
Reading frame
A nucleotide sequence is read 3 nucleotides at a time (codons) starting at a start codon
What does this picture show?
A point substitution can change a proto-oncogene into an oncogene
In the H-ras gene what amino acids get switched?
Substitution of glycine for valine in the protein
What does this picture show?
K-ras oncogene sequencing revealed that most mutations result in amino acid substitutions in residue 12
True or False: tumors that carry the ras oncogene don’t amplify the mutated gene
False
Many animal and human tumors that carry the ras oncogene also amplify the mutated gene
structure of the protein is affected and also the regulation of the protein/gene is altered
What is Anopheles gambiae mosquito a vector for?
vector for malaria
What are the causes of Burkitt’s lymphoma?
malarial infection
presence of Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
What did the tumor cells of Burkitt’s Lymphoma carry?
Tumor cells carried chromosomal translocations (region of one chromosome breaks off and then fuses with another chromosome)
What did the translocations in Burkitt’s lymphoma do?
These translocations separate the myc gene from its normal transcriptional promoter and place in under the control of a highly active transcriptional regulator
Are translocation mutations somatic or germ line?
Somatic
What can translocations lead to ?
Hybrid mRNA
How do translocations liberate mRNA?
Because hybrid mRNA can NOT be targeted miRNA, it will not get degraded and just keep on increasing
What happens when mutations lead to structural changes in growth factor receptors?
When a receptor is mutated and doesn’t have a extracellular domain (top of receptor that attaches to ligand) it will still emit signals causing the cell to grow and keep dividing
What does this picture show?
It shows what happens in a normal cell with a functional growth factor receptor vs the mutated one
What does this picture show?
Formation of a hybrid protein in CML
How does gene amplification in breast cancers correlate with survival?
Gene amplification lowers survival rate
Why is it significant if a point mutation happens in a reading frame?
If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can cause changes in amino acid sequences, proteins, and structure.
What are the two main etiological factors identified in Burkitt’s Lymphoma?
EBV and malaria
1.All of the following are proto-oncogenes/oncogenes except _______
A. myc
B. ras
C. HER2
D. RISC
D
What effects can translocation have to drive cancer cell transformation?
In Burkitt’s lymphoma, the translocations separate the myc gene from its normal transcriptional promoter and place in under the control of a highly active transcriptional regulator
Can cause hybrid mRNA which wont be targeted by miRNA and won’t get degraded, increasing the proliferation
Translocations in human tumors that deregulate proto-oncogene expression and create oncogenes