Interventions and Critiques in Prejudice Reduction

What is Allport's (1954) Contact Hypothesis regarding prejudice reduction?

Prejudice can be reduced through direct contact under optimal conditions

What did Pettigrew & Tropp's (2006) meta-analysis reveal about direct intergroup contact?

Contact reduces prejudice significantly, even when Allport's conditions are only partially met.

What are the mechanisms identified by Pettigrew & Tropp (2008) that explain how direct intergroup contact reduces prejudice?

1. Decreased intergroup anxiety 2. Increased empathy and perspective taking 3. Increased outgroup knowledge (weakest effect).

What is Vicarious Contact in the context of prejudice reduction?

Involves observing positive intergroup interactions.

How did Vittrup & Holden (2011) demonstrate the effectiveness of Vicarious Contact?

They found that diverse children's TV increased positive attitudes.

What did Vezzali et al. (2015) find regarding Vicarious Contact and literature?

Harry Potter passages improved attitudes toward immigrants.

What is Extended Contact and its significance in reducing prejudice?

Refers to knowing ingroup members who have outgroup friends, which predicts lower prejudice.

What evidence supports the effectiveness of Extended Contact?

Wright et al. (1997) found that extended contact predicts lower prejudice, and Zhou et al. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis supporting its effectiveness.

What is Imagined Contact and its role in prejudice reduction?

Involves visualizing a positive interaction with an outgroup member.

What did West et al. (2011) find about Imagined Contact?

Imagining interacting with someone with schizophrenia led to more positive attitudes.

What did Miles & Crisp (2014) conclude about Imagined Contact?

Their meta-analysis supports benefits across multiple outgroups.

What are some examples of Education and Consciousness Raising interventions?

1. Jane Elliott's 'Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes' experiment 2. The School That Tried to End Racism documentary 3. Hughes, Bigler & Levy (2007) found teaching about historical racism improved children's attitudes.

What meta-analytic support exists for education-based interventions in reducing prejudice?

Corrigan et al. (2012) found that education reduces mental health stigma, and Paluck et al. (2020) found multicultural and anti-bias education has small but significant effects on reducing prejudice.

What is the definition of Prejudice Confrontation?

Actively challenging biased behavior or comments, either as an ally or target.

What did Czopp et al. (2006) find about the effects of confrontation on prejudice?

Led to reduced prejudice over time.

What generalization effect was observed in Chaney et al. (2020) regarding confrontation?

Reduced bias not only toward Black individuals but also toward Latino individuals.

What did Wood et al. find in their meta-analysis regarding confrontation?

Reduces stereotype use and increases motivation to reduce bias.

What is a key critique of Direct Contact interventions?

Often not feasible due to segregation or conflict, such as in the Northern Ireland school system.

What limitation is associated with Vicarious and Extended Contact?

These types of contact are difficult to manipulate in experimental settings, especially extended contact.

What did Klein et al. (2014) find about Imagined Contact in their replication study?

They found only small effect sizes, suggesting reduced replicability.

What ethical concerns are associated with Education-Based Interventions?

There are concerns about distress caused in interventions like Jane Elliott's classroom.

What is the aim of the study design example provided in the notes?

To test whether counter-stereotype training reduces sexism.

What is the procedure outlined for the study design example?

1. Baseline attitude measure 2. Training task (computer-based, repetition-based learning) 3. Post-training attitude measure.

What is the hypothesis of the study design example regarding counter-stereotype training?

Training will reduce implicit and explicit sexist attitudes.