BIOL1202- Chapter 41 Crossword

duodenum

the first section of the small intestine, where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder as well as from gland cells of the intestinal wall

colon

the largest section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces

sphincter

a ringlike band of muscle fibers that controls the size of an opening in the body, such as the passage between the esophagus and the stomach

mucus

a viscous and slippery mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that moistens and protects the membranes lining body cavities

glucagon

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels. it promotes glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by the liver

filter feeder

an animal that feeds by using a filtration mechanism to strain small organisms or food particles from its surroundings (2 words)

gallbladder

an organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

chylomicron

a lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins

appendix

a small, finger-like extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity

villus

a finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine; or a finer-like projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. large numbers of _____ increase the surface areas of these organs

rectum

the terminal portion of the large intestine, where the feces are stored prior to elimination

cecum

the blind pouch forming one branch of the large intestine

essential nutrient

a substance that an organism cannot synthesize from any other material and therefore must absorb in preassembled form (2 words)

insulin

a hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. it promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis

microvillus

one of many finer, finger-like projections of the epithelial cells in lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area

gastric juice

a digestive fluid secreted by the stomach (2 words)

substrate feeder

an animal that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food (2 words)

amylase

an enzyme that hydrolyses starch (a glucose polymer from plants) and glycogen (a glucose polymer from animals) into smaller polysaccharides and the disaccharide maltose

fluid feeder

an animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism (2 words)

pharynx

an area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross; or in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth

alimentary canal

a complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus (2 words)

absorption

the third stage of food processing in animals, the uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism’s body

digestion

the second stage of food processing in animals

elimination

the fourth and final stage of food processing in animals, the passing of undigested material out of the body

salivary gland

a gland associated with the oral cavity that secretes substances that lubricate food and begin the process of chemical digestion (2 words)

hepatic portal vein

a large vessel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood’s nutrient content (3 words)

essential amino acid

an amino acid that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must be obtained from food in prefabricated form (3 words)

oral cavity

the mouth of an animal (2 words)

feces

the wastes of the digestive tract

vitamin

an organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts. many ________ serve as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes

diabetes mellitus

an endocrine disorder marked by an inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. the type 1 form results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily insulin injections. the type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors (2 words)

lacteal

a tiny lymph vessel extending into the cord of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons

bile

a mixture of substances that is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; enables formation of fat droplets in water as an aid in the digestion and absorption of fats

mineral

in nutrition, a simple nutrient that is inorganic and therefore cannot be synthesized in the body

carnivore

an animal that mainly eats other animals

esophagus

a muscular tube that conducts food by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach

peristalsis

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal; or a type of movement on land produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from front to back, as in many annelids

large intestine

the portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces (2 words)

essential fatty acid

an unsaturated fatty acid that an animal needs but cannot make (3 words)

omnivore

an animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae

pepsinogen

the inactive from of pepsin secreted by chief cells located in gastric pits of the stomach

chyme

the mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach

small intestine

the longest section of the alimentary canal, so named because of its small diameter compared with that of the large intestine; the principal site of enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients (2 words)

bolus

a lubricated ball of chewed food

pepsin

an enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

stomach

an organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion

gastrovascular cavity

a central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients (2 words)

protease

an enzyme that digests proteins by hydrolysis

ingestion

the first stage of food processing in animals; that act of eating

nutrition

the process by which an organism takes in and makes use of food substances

herbivore

an animal that mainly eats plants or algae

bulk feeder

an animal that eats relatively large pieces of food (2 words)

microbiome

the collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism’s body, along with their genetic material

pancreas

a gland with exocrine and endocrine tissues. the exocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood