Science Final

Cell Division

Process by which a cell splits into two daughter cells.

Reasons cells divide

Growth, repair, reproduction, and to maintain surface area to volume ratio.

Time it takes in humans

About 24 hours for a full cycle in most cells.

G1

Cell grows and performs normal functions.

S1

DNA is replicated.

S2

Cell prepares for mitosis

Mitotic - meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical cells; meiosis produces 4 genetically different gametes.

Results of cell division

Two daughter cells (mitosis) or four gametes (meiosis).

Levels of Organization

Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

Cell differentiation

Process where cells become specialized in structure and function.

Prokaryotes/eukaryotes

Prokaryotes have no nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that can become various types of cells.

Plant tissue - 3 types

Dermal, vascular, ground.

Multicellular organism

Organism made of more than one cell.

Levels of organization

Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

Transport of Cellular Material

Movement of substances across cell membrane.

Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without using energy, from high to low concentration.

Diagram understanding

Know how to read transport and membrane diagrams.

Apply/understand terms

Use vocabulary like gradient, membrane, ATP correctly.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

Uses protein channels to move substances without energy.

Endocytosis

Cell takes in material by engulfing it.

Exocytosis

Cell expels material in vesicles.

Cells and Energy

How cells use and make energy.

Cellular Respiration

Process of breaking down glucose for ATP.

(Cellular Respiration) Diagram cycle

Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → ETC.

(Cellular Respiration) Location

Cytoplasm and mitochondria.

Cellular Respiration) Reactants

Glucose and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration) Products

ATP, water, CO₂.

Photosynthesis

Plants use sunlight to make glucose.

(Photosynthesis) Diagram cycle

Light reactions → Calvin cycle.

Location (Photosynthesis)

Chloroplast

Reactants (Photosynthesis)

CO₂, water, sunlightCO₂, water, sunlight

 Products (Photosynthesis)

Glucose, oxygen

Fermentation

Energy without oxygen

When/where occurs (Fermentation)

In cytoplasm, when oxygen is low.

Lactic acid fermentation

In muscles, produces lactic acid.

Alcohol fermentation

In yeast, produces ethanol and CO₂.

Newton's Laws of Motion) 1st law and example

Object stays at rest or in motion unless acted on. Example: Car stops, you lurch forward.

Newton’s Laws Of Motion) 2nd Law and example

F = ma. Example: Pushing a cart

Newton's Laws of Motion) 3rd Law and example

For every action, equal and opposite reaction. Example: Jumping off a boat.

Force

Push or pull on an object

Contact/applied force

Direct contact like a push.

Net force

Total of all forces acting.

Gravitational force

Attraction between masses.

Electromagnetism

Force from electric and magnetic fields.

 Inertia

Resistance to change in motion

 Friction

Force opposing motion

Force Formula (N)

Mass × acceleration

Mass (Kg)

Amount of matter

Acceleration (M/s²)

Change in velocity over time

F=ma

Force formula

 Speed (Formula)

Distance/time

Velocity

Speed with direction

Elements

Pure substances on periodic table

Atomic Number

Number of Protons. You find it on the periodic table; it’s the number above the element symbol and tells you how many protons are in the atom

Atomic Mass

You find it below the symbol on the periodic table; it’s usually a decimal because it’s an average of all the element’s isotopes

Protons

The same as the atomic number

Neutrons

Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass (rounded to the nearest whole number).

Symbol

Found on the periodic table; it’s a short abbreviation, like H for hydrogen or O for oxygen

Isotope

Found by comparing atoms of the same element with different atomic masses due to different numbers of neutrons

 Balance chemical equations

Make sure atoms on both sides are equal

Scientific Method

You start with a question, then make a hypothesis (a guess), do an experiment, collect data, analyze the results, and finally make a conclusion

Organs

Body parts made of different tissues that do a specific job

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to do a big job (like digestion or breathing).

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that work together to do one job

Dermal tissue

Outer covering of a plant that protects it.

Cell Cycle

The process cells go through to grow, copy DNA, and divide

Meristem

Part of a plant where cells keep dividing and help the plant grow.

Unicellular

An organism made of just one cell.

Stem Cell

A cell that can become different types of cells.

Differentiation

When a cell changes to do a special job

DNA

The instructions inside cells that tell them what to do

Ground tissue

Plant tissue that does jobs like photosynthesis, storage, and support

Eukaryote

A cell that has a nucleus and organelles.

Prophase 1

Homologous Chromosomes pair up

Anaphase 1

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to opposite poles

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides

Metaphase 1

Homologous lines up along the equator

Telophase 1

Cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells formed

Semipermeable

Allows some things to pass through but not others

Equilibrium

When things are balanced or equal on both sides

Channel proteins

Help things move across the cell membrane without using energy

Carrier proteins

Help move things across the membrane and sometimes use energy

Tissue

A group of the same kind of cells working together

Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome stuck together

Prokaryotic

A simple cell with no nucleus

Centromere

The part where sister chromatids are joined

Daughter Cells

New cells made after a cell divides

Active Transport

Moving things across the cell membrane using energy

Alleles

Different versions of a gene

Dominant

The stronger gene that shows up if it’s there

Heterozygous

Two different alleles (like Aa)

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles (like AA or aa)

Recessive

The gene that only shows up if there’s no dominant one

Cytokinesis (Meiosis 1)

The cell fully divides into two cells