Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Life Functions

Necessary functions include maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

Survival Needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions within the body, including catabolism and anabolism

Levels of Organization

Order of biological structure: Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

Anatomical Position

Standing, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet slightly apart.

Axial Skeleton

Includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Includes limbs and girdles

Superior/Inferior

Directional terms meaning above or below.

Ventral/Dorsal

Directional terms meaning front or back.

Posterior/Anterior

Directional terms meaning back or front.

Lateral/Medial

Directional terms meaning side or center.

Distal/Proximal

Directional terms meaning farther or closer to attachment.

Deep/Superficial

Directional terms meaning inside or surface.

Body Planes

Median (Sagittal), Frontal (Coronal), and Transverse (Horizontal) planes divide the body into sections.

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain.

Thoracic Cavity

Contains the lungs and heart.

Abdominal Cavity

Contains the stomach, liver, intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

Contains bladder and reproductive organs.

Visceral Membrane

Covers organs directly.

Parietal Membrane

Lines cavity walls.

Negative Feedback

A homeostatic control mechanism that reverses change (e.g., body temperature regulation).

Positive Feedback

A homeostatic control mechanism that amplifies change (e.g., childbirth contractions).

Cytology

The study of cells, their structure, and function.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains DNA.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion with the help of transport proteins.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Endocytosis

Taking substances into the cell (includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis).

Exocytosis

Releasing substances outside the cell.

Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentrations; no net water movement.

Hypertonic Solution

Higher solute outside; water leaves cell, causing it to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

Lower solute outside; water enters cell, causing it to swell.

Cell Cycle

Includes interphase (growth, DNA replication) and mitosis (division of nucleus).

Mitosis

Produces 2 identical diploid cells for growth and repair.

Meiosis

Produces 4 non-identical haploid cells for gametes and sexual reproduction.