Sexual Reproduction

What happens during Prophase 1

Centriols and Spinde fibers appear. Chromosomes are visible

What happens during Metaphase 1

Most important. Chromosomes line up double file with their Homologous pairs. Crossing over and independent assortment occurs.

What happens during Anaphase 1

Spindle fibers contract and pull the Homologous pairs apart.

What happens during Telophase 1

Nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. Spindle fibers break down. Cell begins to divide (cytokinesis)

What happens during Prophase 2

Same steps as prophase 1.

What happens during Metaphase 2

Chromosomes line up single file across the middle of the cell.

What happens during Anaphase 2

Spindle fibers contract and pull sister chromatids apart.

What happens during Telophase 2

Same as Telophase 1.

Define Gametes

Are specialized cells necessary for reproduction that are haploid cells. in animals, male gametes are called sperms and female gametes are called eggs.

Define Fertilization

when an egg cell and a sperm cell unite.

Define Haploid Cell

Cells that have 1 copy of every chromosome (23)

Define Diploid Cells

Cells that’s have 2 copies of every chromosome (23+23=46)

Define Zygote

A fertilized cell

• two haploid cells become a diploid cell

1. Define Morula

When the zygote divides many times to form a ball of cells (end of first week)

2. Define Blastula

When a hallow ball of cells forms

3. Define Gastrula

the cells of the blastula organize themselves into three layers. The development of the embryo.

How is Meiosis II similar to Mitosis

both processes involve the separation of sister chromatids and have similar phases.

How is Meiosis I different from Mitosis?

In meiosis, homologous pair up and are separated reducing the chromosome number in half (diploid to haploid)

Mitosis

Maintains the chromosome number. It produces genetically identical daughter cells for growth, repair, or asexual reproduction.

What is #1 called

Bladder

What is #2 called

Seminal Vesicle

What is #3 called

Vas deferens

What is #4 called

Prostate Gland

What is #5 called

Cowpers Gland

What is #6 called

Urethra

What is #7 called

Epididymis

What is #8 called

Seminiferous tubules

What is #9 called

Interstitial Cells

What is #10 called

Penis

What is #11 called

Testicle

What is #12 called

Scrotum

What is #13 called

Epididymis

What do Testicles do?

They contain thousands of tiny Seminiferous Tubules. They also contain interstitial cells which produce the male hormone testosterone.

What does the Epididymis do?

Mature sperm moves into the epididymis, where secretions help them to move.

What does the Vas Deferens do?

Is a tube that carries sperm from and seminal fluid from the epididymis to the urethra.

What does the Urethra do?

The force of secretions (especially those from the prostate gland) and muscular contractions force the semen out of the penis during ejaculation.

What are the 5 Parts of the Female?

Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Fallopian tubes, Ovaries.

What do ovaries do?

They produce eggs. They also produce two hormones, estrogen, and progesterone.

Describe the path of a sperm cell to an egg

Seminiferous Tubules, Interstitial Cells, Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicle, Prostate Gland, Cowpers Gland, Urethra.

How many ova mature in a women’s lifetime?

About 400

What are the three layers of the gastrula?

1. Ectoderm

• Forms skin + Nervous system

  2. Mesoderm

• Forms kidneys + skeleton

  3. Endoderm

• Forms lungs + liver

Main advantage of sexual reproduction

Genetic Diversity

Name 4 Assisted Reproductive Technologies

1. Artificial Insemination

2. In vitro fertilization (IVF)

3. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

4. Gamete intrafallopian transfer

Describe Artificial Insemination

Donor sperm is placed in the female

Describe In vitro fertilization (IVF)

egg and sperm are collected and fertilization takes place in a dish. Then the Embryos are placed in the females uterus.

Describe Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

A single sperm is injected directly into an egg.

Describe Gamete intrafallopian transfer

eggs and sperm are collected, mixed, then injected into the women’s fallopian tubes.

Name and describe three ways that sexual reproduction produces variation in a population.

1. Independent Assortment

2. Crossing Over

3. Gamete formation

What are two advantages of internal fertilization over external fertilization?

1. Higher Fertilization Success Rate

2. Greater Protection for the Embryo