Section 1.4-1.6 Macromolecules

Functional groups found in all carbohydrates

Carbonyl group and hydroxyl groups

Elements that make up carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)

Monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Most common monosaccharide used as cell fuel

Glucose

Linkage type that joins monosaccharides into a disaccharide

Covalent bond

The most common disaccharide, composed of glucose and fructose

Sucrose

Macromolecule type consisting of many sugars joined by dehydration reactions

Polysaccharide

Storage polysaccharide found in plants

Starch

Storage polysaccharide found in animals

Glycogen

Structural polysaccharide that forms plant cell walls

Cellulose

Monomer subunit of cellulose

Beta-glucose

Monomer subunit of starch and glycogen

Alpha-glucose

Elements that make up all proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (C, H, O, N, S)

Monomer subunit of proteins

Amino acid

Functional groups present in every amino acid

Amino group and carboxyl group

The variable group that gives each amino acid its unique properties

R group (side chain)

Three chemical groupings of amino acid side chains

Nonpolar (hydrophobic), polar (hydrophilic), and charged/ionic (hydrophilic)

Type of bond formed between amino acids via a dehydration reaction

Peptide bond

The two chemically unique ends of a polypeptide chain

N-terminus (amino end) and C-terminus (carboxyl end)

Primary factor that determines a protein's 3D shape and function

Amino acid sequence

Linear chain of amino acids determined by genetic information

Primary structure of a protein

Folds and coils in a protein resulting from hydrogen bonds within the backbone

Secondary structure of a protein

Two common forms of protein secondary structure

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

3D shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains

Tertiary structure of a protein

Two major types of interactions that reinforce tertiary protein structure

Hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges

Strong covalent bond formed between sulfur atoms of two cysteine monomers

Disulfide bridge

Protein structural level formed by the association of multiple polypeptide chains

Quaternary structure

Chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds using water as a reactant

Hydrolysis

Effect of extreme pH changes on enzyme activity

Decreases activity by altering R-group interactions and changing enzyme shape

Monomer subunit of nucleic acids

Nucleotide

Three structural components of a nucleotide

Nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides

Pyrimidines (single-ring) and purines (double-ring)

Nitrogenous base exclusive to DNA

Thymine

Nitrogenous base exclusive to RNA

Uracil

Five-carbon sugar found in DNA nucleotides

Deoxyribose

Five-carbon sugar found in RNA nucleotides

Ribose

Specific linkage that connects adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain

Phosphodiester linkage

Directionality of a polynucleotide strand

5' to 3'

Chemical bonds that hold complementary nitrogenous bases together in DNA

Hydrogen bonds

General chemical characteristic shared by all lipids

Nonpolar and hydrophobic

Three main categories of lipids

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Bond type formed between glycerol and a fatty acid

Ester linkage

Molecular components of a phospholipid

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group