PMLS

300 B.C.

In this year, ancient greek physician first had the examinations of human body fluids

Ancient Greek physician

First physician to examine human body fluids

1880

• this year is a very important breaking point in appreciating the significance of laboratory testing

• In this year emerged the causative agents of tuberculosis, diphtheria, and cholera and its detections in the late 1890s.

1922

• In this year, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) was founded

1928

• In this year, the American Society of Clinical Pathologist (ASCP) created the Board of Registry (BOR) to certify laboratory professionals

1977

• in this year, the autonomous certification agency, the National Certification Agency for Medical Laboratory Personnel (NCA) was formed.

September 2009

• in this year, NCA and ASCP merged into a single professional agency which referred to as “Medical Laboratory Scientist” (MLS)

300 BC - 180 AD

• In these years, Hippocrates, considered the “father of medicine” and author of the Hippocratic Oath, and Galen, Greek philosopher, instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of diseases through measurement of body fluids (also called the FOUR HUMORS – blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)

1. blood

2. phlegm

3. yellow bile

4. black bile

FOUR HUMORS OF BODY FLUIDS

Urine

• One of the body fluids that underwent examination

Causative agents

Agents responsible for diseases such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, and cholera

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)

Professional organization founded in 1922

Medical Technologist (MT)

Term used to identify individuals who passed the BOR's registry exam

National Certification Agency for Medical Laboratory Personnel (NCA)

Autonomous certification agency formed in 1977

Medical Laboratory Scientist (MLS)

NCA and ASCP merged into a single professional agency which referred to as ___

Hippocrates

• considered the "father of medicine"

• advocated for the examination of body fluids

• author of the Hippocratic oath

• advocated the advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, observing outward appearancese

• he concluded that the appearance of bubbles, blood and pus in urine indicated kidney disease

1. Tasting of urine

2. Listening to the lungs

3. Observing outward appearances

• Hippocrates advocated these

1. kidney diseasesh

2. chronic illnesses

• appearance of bubblee, blood, and pus in urine indicated ___ & ___

Uroscopy

• Medieval European practice of examining urine

• “water casting” in Medieval Europe was widely practiced.

• Patients submitted their urine specimen in decorative flasks

Decorative flasks

• uroscopy patients submitted their urine specimen in ___

900 A.D.

• In this year, the first book detailing the characteristics of urine was written

John Hutchinson

Inventor of the spirometer

Jules Herisson

Inventor of the sphygmomanometer

11th century

• in this century, medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient’s body so they relied solely on the patient’s description of symptoms and their observations.

18th century

• in this century, mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis and to understand the insides of the body.

19th century

In this century:

• Physicians began using machines to diagnose and conduct therapy.

• John Hutchinson: Spirometer, measures vital capacity of the lungs

• Jules Herisson: Sphygmomanometer

Spirometer

• measures vital capacity of the lungs

Sphygmomanometer

• measures blood pressure

Early 20th century

• in this century, there is a vast improvement of basic sciences, integration of scientific and technological discoveries such as ELECTRON MICROSCOPE used for visualization of small cells including tumor cells and these discoveries persisted through robotics, keyhole surgery procedures, genetic engineering, and telemedicine (information technology)

Electron Microscope

• used for visualization of small cells including tumor cells

Clinical Laboratory

Place where specimens are processed, analyzed, and preserved

Clinical Laboratory Scientists

Professionals who perform laboratory tests and analyze specimens

R.A of 5527 or the Medical Technology Act of 1969

Act governing the medical technology profession in the Philippines

Medical Technology Act of 1969

• R.A. 5527 is aldo referred to as ___

6^TH Infantry Division of the US Army

• they established the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines located at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila

Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila

• the first clinical laboratory was locaed at ___

Manila Public Health Laboratory

• the first clinical laboratory is now known as ___

Dr Pio De Roda

• Re-organized the abandoned laboratory when the US army left, with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano

• Along with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana, they conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers and organized a six-month formal syllabus for the training program with certificate for the trainees upon completion. Eventually, Dr. Tirso Briones joined them.

Dr. Mariano Icasiano

• a manila city health officer who helped dr Pio De Roda in re-organizing the abandoned laboratory when the US army left

1. Dr. Pio De Roda

2. Dr Prudencia Sta. Ana

3. Dr Tirso Briones

• these three conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers and organized a six-month formal syllabus for the training program with certificate for the trainees upon completion

1954

• this year was the approval of the four-year course in Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology by the Bureau of Private Education

• Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) opened the first school of Medical Technology under the management of Mrs. Willa Hedrick

• The Philippine Union College (now Adventist University of the Philippines) acquired the MedTech School of MSH

Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH)

• this hospital opened the first school of Medical Technology under the management of Mrs. Willa Hedrick

Mrs. Willa Hedrick

• Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) opened the first school of Medical Technology under the management of ___

The Philippine Union College (now Adventist University of the Philippines)

• they acquired the MedTech School of MSH

Dr. Jesse Umali

• First graduate of the Medical Technology program, now an OB-gynecologist

1957

• in this year, MedTech program was initially offered as an elective for Pharmacy students in UST

1961

• in this year, MedTech was officially declared as a program in UST

To improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases

• purpose of Medical Technology

Clinial laboratory

• performs the testing in detection, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

• an essential component of health institutions.

• 70% of all decisions performed by medical doctors are based on laboratory test results, thus serves as the integral partner of medical doctors

• the place where specimens collected from individuals are processed, analyzed, preserved, and properly disposed.

Clinical laboratory scientists

• The one who performs tests in a clinical library,

• they usually look for the presence of bacteria, parasites, and other microorganisms in the body.

• They prepare specimens for examination

• they count cells, and look for abnormal cells in the blood and other body fluids

1. bacteria

2. parasites

3. microorganisms

• clinical laboratory scientists usually look for the presence of ___, ___, and other ___ in the body.

1. count cells

2. look for abnormal cells

• clinical laboratory scientists count ___ and look for ___ in the blood and other bodily fluids

1. blood

2. other body fluids

• they count cells, and look for abnormal cells in the ___ and ___

1. Perform Clinical Laboratory Testing

2. Perform Special Procedures

3. Ensure Accuracy and Precision of Results

4. Be Honest in Practice

5. Ensure Timely Delivery of Results

6. Demonstrate Professionalism

7. Uphold Confidentiality

8. Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals

9. Conduct Research

10. Involvement in Health Promotion Programs

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS

Pathologist

Physician who heads a clinical laboratory and monitors all laboratory results

Valid

• a laboratory result without the signature of a pathologist may not be considered ___

Medical Laboratory Technicians

Assist medical technologists and/or pathologists in the practice of medical technology

Phlebotomist

• trained individual who draws blood for laboratory tests or donations

Phlebotomy

• a skill confined not only to medical technologists but to other health care practitioners as well, provided that they were given certificates

Required

• In the Philippines, an RMT is ___ to be skilled in phlebotomy, although in other countries, phlebotomist need not get a degree

Arterial collection

• ___ can only be performed by a specially trained phlebotomist

Cytotechnologist

• Lab personnel who works with pathologists to detect changes in body cells

• they select and section minute particles of human tissues for microscopic study using microtome and other equipment

Histotechnologist

Responsible for routine, processing, and staining of biopsies and tissue specimens for microscopic examination

Histotechnician

Histotechnologist is also referred to as ___

Nuclear Medical Technologist

Works with nuclear physicians to apply knowledge of radiation physics and safety regulations

Toxicologist

Studies the effects of toxic substances on human physiological functions

Clinical Chemistry

Section of the clinical laboratory for testing blood and other body fluids

• Intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases.

• blood and urine are specimens used in this section

• FBS, Lipid Profile, SGPT, SGOT, Liver Profile, Creatinine, BUN, BUA, TPAG, Electrolytes

Microbiology

Section focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi

• subbdivided into four sections: Bacteriology, Mycobacteriology, Mycology, and Virology.A

• work is more focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on specimens received

• automated instruments are available such as those used for blood culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

• bacteriology

• mycobacteriology

• mycology

• virology

• subdivisions of microbiology

Hematology and Coagulation Studies

Deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and coagulation factors

• deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids.

• complete Blood Count, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, WBC Differential Count, Red Cell Morphology and Cell Indices

• coagulation studies focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors.

Clinical Microscopy

Section for examining urine and stool samples

• Determines the macroscopic appearances of urine such as: color, clarity/transparency, pH, specific gravity

• microscopic examination to detect cells, parasites, and bacteria and to quantify these.

• stool or fecal sample is also examined to identify presence of parasitic worms or ova.

Stool or Fecal Sample

• examined to identify presence of parasitic worms or ova

Blood Bank/Immunohematology

Section for blood testing and immunohematology procedures

• analyses of serum antibodies in certain infectious agents are performed.

• serologic tests such as, Hepa B, Syphilis, DRT and some antibody screening tests.

• automated analyzers and kits are commonly used in this section

Blood typing

The process of determining a person's blood type, which is important for blood transfusions and organ transplants.

Compatibility testing

Testing the compatibility between the donor's blood and the recipient's blood before a blood transfusion or organ transplant.

Antibody screening

A test performed to detect the presence of antibodies in the blood, which can indicate certain diseases or conditions.

Antibody identification

The process of determining the specific type of antibody present in a sample of blood.

Immunology

The study of the immune system and its response to foreign substances in the body.

Serology

The branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the analysis of serum antibodies and the detection of infectious agents.

Serologic tests

Laboratory tests that detect and measure antibodies in the blood, such as Hepatitis B, Syphilis, and antibody screening tests.

Automated analyzers

Instruments used in the laboratory to automate the process of analyzing samples, including those involved in immunology and serology testing.

Kits

Pre-packaged sets of reagents and materials used for specific laboratory tests, often designed for use with automated analyzers.