WGS 240 Final Review - Vocab

Disparities

challenges faced by men and boys

Gender role strain

psychological effect when gender roles negatively affect individuals

Masculinity ideology

A set of cognitions about men

hegemonic masculinity

men have to be dominant and assertive

Guy code

actions performed for other men to evaluate

Cultures of Guyland

entitlement, silence, protection

three tenants of manhood

hard won, easily lost, requires public proof

real manhood

not attainable for all

pluralistic ignorance

majority stays silent about an issue they don’t agree with because they wrongly assume that everyone else accepts it

overestimation

men may overestimate how much other men care about masculinity norms

heterosexual marking

harassing women to not be seen as gay

voyeuristic culture

boys watch other boys have sex with girls and sometimes join

triad of violence

violence against women, boys, and their own bodies

Body Image

mental picture we have of our body and associated feelings about the size, shape, and attractiveness about our body

moving target phenomenon

never good enough for the standards

slim thick

Created more body image issues in psych study

objectification

Process by which women are viewed as objects or parts → valued for use & consumption

Objectification theory

Theory for understanding the consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body

3 arguments of objectification theory

1. Women’s bodies are gazed at more than men

2. Women have learned to internalize the observer’s perspective as a primary view

   1. Face-ism → more focus on faces for men than women

   2. body-ism→visual media portray women as though their bodies were capable of representing them

3. Objectification and self-objectification

face-ism

images of men have greater focus on face than images of women

body-ism

visual media portray women as though their bodies were capable of representing them

viewing face

more positive perceptions of seeing someone’s face than viewing a person’s body

Male gaze

• depicting women in media from the perspective of a heterosexual man

• Described by Laura Mulvey in 1975, used by feminists

self-objectification

the process by which women view themselves as objects, internalize third person’s view of their bodies, and habitually monitor their bodies

doubling

woman and girl cannot coexist within herself

splitting in two

she must continually watch herself

intense awareness

in paintings, women are aware of being seen by a spectator

swimsuit study

Women were more affected by their lack of clothing than men

fat talk

• self-harming body statements made to peers

• Women find it reassuring in a group setting

• related to body dissatisfaction and self objectification

eating disorders

• 90% of anorexia diagnosis are women

• 80% of bulimia diagnosis are women

• 60% of binge eating disorder diagnosis are women

• 1/3 women in colleges have ED

• over 1/3 of female athletes have an ED

labor

work, can be paid or unpaid

capitalism

individuals and businesses own capital goods and prices/production are determined by free market competition

surplus value

difference between the value produced by labor and their actual labor

productive labor

produced goods and services, paid

reproductive labor

domestic, unpaid, unrecognized

kinkeeping

work of keeping relationships healthy

the second shift

an unpaid second shift after performing paid “productive” labor

pre-industrial

women worked more in the home, factores, and livestock

industrialization

white women in white collar, black women in blue collar, breadwinning

glass ceiling

absence of women in corporate leadership positions

glass cliff

marginalized people in leadership positions being set up to fail

glass escalator

men in women-dominated professions advance faster, and have higher positions and pay

glass walls

social divisions of labor that separate male and female fields, careers dominated by women pay less

vertical

gender differences emerge in levels of rank within same occupation

horizontal

women have their own fields and men have their own fields

leadership ambition gap

fewer women want to be in the c-suit than men

trickle down feminism

if we help women achieve the highest and greatest level of power, the rest will fall into place

neoliberal feminism

overlooks structural inequality, emphasis on individual empowerment and success, encourage women to lean into current economic structures

marketization of feminism

feminist goals have become personal branding

double bind

a woman will face negative consequences no matter which choice she makes

gendered violence

violence because of one’s gender or violence that disproportionately affects a gender

violence against women

gender based violence that results in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women

interpersonal violence

between people

structural violence

result of systems and structures, enables interpersonal violence

domestic violence/intimate partner violence

used to gain power over the other partner

physical violence

physical harm, reproductive harm, hate crimes, trafficking

sexual violence

rape, forced marriage, sex trafficking, etc

psychological violence

stalking, name calling, restricting movement, mental torture

rape

sex when no consent is given

sexual assault or sexual coercion

unwanted sexual contact, begging turned to forced sexual contact

acquaintance rape

sexual assault by someone close to the victim

sexual abuse

forcing someone to behave a certain way sexually

labels debate

without the label, rape is not recognized as a crime vs. women should have the choice to define/label their own experience

everyday violence

objectification, harassment, and abuse are everyday instances

accounts of consent

girls blamed for rape

desensitization

process by which emotional responsiveness to a negative event becomes diminished

sexualizing violence

promoting myths that violence is about men’s sex drives and it’s sexy

romanticizing violence

promoting myths that fights = caring and jealousy = passion

warranted fear

more likely to be hurt more if she leaves him

cyclical abuse

perpetrator increases tension, has a violent episode, then turns loving

rape culture

1. normalized by prevalence

2. excused, dismissed, ignored, or trivialized

3. responsibility of women and victims to prevent

rape myths

widely held, stereotypical, false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists that perpetuate and normalize sexual violence against women and victims

safety work

daily effort of women and others to avoid threats and unwanted attention

antifeminity mandate

men’s aversion to femininity to stay masculine

women as objects of conquest

sex with a girl was less an intimate encounter with a valued human being than it was the use of a woman’s body as a sexual performance for male buddies

women’s sexual agency

acknowledging this risks letting men off the hood and blaming women for men’s acts of sexual violence

men’s violence

one’s own body is experienced as a weapon to be used against an objectified opponent.

the triad

violence against other men, women, and themselves