CHAPTER 2 BODY PARTS

tissues

groups of cells working together

organs

groups of tissue to do specialized functions

cell

basic unit of living organism

metabolism

sum of all body’s physical and chemical activities

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy compound of the cell

proteins

includes enzymes, some hormone, and structural material

enzyme

organic substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction

carbohydrates

includes sugars and starches that circulate in the blood to provide energy for the cells

glucose

a simple sugar, main energy source for metabolism

lipids

includes fats

cytoplasm

the fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles

organelles

a specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell

nucleus

control region of the cell

chromosome

carry genetic information

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

thread like structures compose a complex organic substance

genes

a hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

an organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells

mitosis

when abody cell doubles and divides into two equal daughter cells

membrane

a thin pliabe sheet of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity

mucus

thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects the underlying issue

histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

homeostasis

a steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy

nucleus

the cells control center, directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes

organ

a part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system

morph/o

form

cyt/o, -cyte

cell

nucle/o

nucleus

kary/o

nucleus

hist/o, histi/o

tissue

fibr/o

fiber

reticul/o

network

aden/o

gland

papill/o

bud on boob

myx/o

mucus

somat/o, -some

body, small body

blast/o, -blast

imamature cell

gen

orgin, formation

phag/o

eat, ingest

phil

attract, absorb

plas

formation, molding, development

trop

act on, affect

-plasia

organ or tissue

troph/o

feeding, growth, nourishment

-ase

enzyme

-ose

sugar

hydr/o

water, fluid

gluc/o

glucose

glyc/o

sugar, glucose

sacchar/o

sugar

amyl/o

starch

lip/o

lipid, fat

adip/o

fat

steat/o

fatty

prote/o

protein

anterior/ventral

toward or at the front (belly) of the body

posterior/dorsal

toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body

proximal

nearer to the center of the body

distal

farther from the center of the body

superior

above, in a higher position

inferior

below, in a lower position

ccranial (cephalad)

toward the head

caudal

toward the lower end of the spine, inferior direction

superficial (external)

closer to the surface of the body

deep (internal)

closer to the center body

frontal (coronal) plane

the anterior and posterior part of the body

sagittal plane

divides the body into right and left position

transverse (horizontal) plane

passes horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

dorsal cavity

contains the brain the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity

cranial cavity

contains the brain

spinal (canal) cavity

ccontains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

uppermost ventral space

abdominal cavity

middle part

diaphragm

separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavity

pelvic cavity

below the abdonimal cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

large ventral cavity that includes both the abdominal and pelvic cavity

peritoneum

large membrane that lines the abdominalpelvic cavity and covers the organs

epigastric

located above the stomach (top middle)

umbilical region

located at the navel, middle

hypogastric region

location below the stomach and umbilical

hypochondriac regions

right/left, near the ribs

lumbar regions

left and right, named for being near the small of the back

iliac region

right and left, named for the upper bone of the hip

anatomic position

standard position for anatomic studies, in which the body is erect and facing forward, the ars are at the sides with plams forward and feet parallel

decubitus position

lying down on a flat surface (either on belly or back, or left or right)

dorsal recumbent position

on back with legs bent and separated, feet flat

fowler position

on back, head of bed rasied, knees elevated

jackknife position

on back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed, and things at the right angles to the abdomn

knee chest position

on knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head

lateral recumbent position

on the side with one leg flexed

lithotomy position

on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart

prone

lying face down

prone jackknife position

on abdonmen with bed bent so that the body ia v with the head and feet below the hips

sims position

on left side, right leg draw high and forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting

supine

lying face up

trendelenburg position

on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45 degree angle

cpehal/o

head

cervic/o

neck