Comprehensive Review of Cartilage, Bone, and Muscle Tissues

A set of flashcards covering key concepts related to cartilage, bone, and muscle tissues for exam preparation.

What is the function of the perichondrium?

It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and aids in the growth and repair of cartilage.

What are the main components of cartilage tissue?

Chondrocytes and a matrix consisting of fibers and jellylike ground substance.

What cell type is common to all cartilage types, and where are chondrocytes located?

Chondrocytes, located within the lacuna.

What are the key features and locations of hyaline cartilage?

Most abundant cartilage, provides support through flexibility and resilience, located on the surface of bones forming joints.

Where is elastic cartilage located, and what is its main characteristic?

Located in the external ear and epiglottis, contains many elastic fibers allowing it to return to its original shape when bent.

What is fibrocartilage and its functions and locations?

Strong against compression and tension, forming articular discs; located in pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, and annulus fibrosus.

Describe appositional growth in cartilage.

Chondroblasts in the surrounding perichondrium make new cartilage, adding width to the existing surface.

Describe interstitial growth in cartilage.

Chondrocytes divide and expand, resulting in lengthening of cartilage.

When does cartilage growth typically stop?

When the skeleton stops growing.

What tissues are present in bones besides bone tissue?

Nervous tissue, blood connective tissue, and epithelial tissue lining blood vessels.

List the primary functions of bones.

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy metabolism.

What are the organic and inorganic components of bone tissue?

Organic components include cells, fibers, and ground substance; inorganic components include mineral salts like calcium and phosphate.

What is the composition and function of the extracellular matrix in bone?

Composed of 35% organic components (collagen) providing flexibility and 65% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite) preserving bone structure.

Name the three types of bone cells and their roles.

Osteoblasts (builders), osteoclasts (break down bone), and osteocytes (maintain bone matrix).

From which cells do osteoclasts originate, and what is their function?

Osteoclasts originate from hematopoietic stem cells and are responsible for bone resorption and releasing calcium into the blood.

How are bones classified?

Long bones (longer than wide), short bones (cubed-shaped), flat bones (thin and flattened), irregular bones (various shapes).

What are the main features of long bones?

Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity (hollow and filled with yellow marrow), periosteum, and endosteum.

What is the medullary cavity, and what type of marrow does it contain?

Medullary cavity is the hollow cavity in bones lined by endosteum, containing yellow marrow (fat).

How do flat, short, and irregular bones differ structurally from long bones?

They contain bone marrow but lack a marrow cavity.

What are the three broad categories of bone markings?

Projections for muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, and depressions and openings for nerves and blood vessels.

What structures are contained within osteons?

Cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the axis of the bone, similar to rings in a tree.

How do compact and spongy bones differ microscopically?

Compact bone contains lamellae, central canals, and osteons, while spongy bone has trabeculae without osteons.

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

The process of bone development and tissue formation.

What is intramembranous ossification?

Ossification forming facial bones from fibrous connective tissue through stages of matrix secretion and development.

What is endochondral ossification?

Process of forming long bones from a cartilage model, involving several stages including bone collar formation.

How does the epiphyseal plate contribute to bone growth?

It organizes cartilage for efficient growth, with zones of proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.

What regulates bone growth?

Growth hormone stimulates epiphyseal plates, thyroid hormone maintains metabolism, and sex hormones promote growth and closure of epiphyseal plates.

How do bones widen as they grow?

Osteoblasts add bone tissue to the external surface, while osteoclasts remove bone from the internal surface.

What are the stages of bone fracture healing?

Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition where bone reabsorption exceeds deposition, commonly affecting postmenopausal women.

What is the difference between osteomalacia and rickets?

Both involve a lack of vitamin D; rickets occurs in children, while osteomalacia occurs in adults.

What is muscular dystrophy?

A group of muscle-destroying diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle fibers.

What role do satellite cells play in muscle?

They aid in muscle growth and repair by merging with existing fibers and increasing nucleus numbers.

What are oxidative fibers?

Muscle fibers that produce ATP aerobically, suitable for long-duration, low-intensity activities.

What are glycolytic fibers?

Muscle fibers that produce ATP anaerobically and are suited for quick bursts of energy but fatigue rapidly.

What defines slow oxidative fibers?

Small diameter, high mitochondrial content, red color due to myoglobin, resistant to fatigue.

What characterizes fast glycolytic fibers?

Large diameter, low myoglobin and mitochondrial content, generate power rapidly but tire quickly.

How do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles differ?

Skeletal muscles are striated and voluntary, cardiac muscles are striated and involuntary, and smooth muscles are non-striated and involuntary.