Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
6 turning points of the Peloponnesian War
The Death of Pericles, Failed Sicilian Expedition, the defection of Alcibiades, Persian alliance with Sparta, defeat at Arginusae, defeat at Aegospotami
Cleon
Warhawk. He wants the war to keep going, the Athenian assembly will follow him and the war until he dies in battle.
Nicias
Wanted to sue for peace. They agreed to a 50 year peace treaty, and instead it lasted for 5 years.
Alcibiades
Nephew of pericles, good general of athens. He is not a good leader and not a good person. Acquires a position of power and convinces Athens they should attack the city of Sicily. After defacing religious statues, Athenians try to arrest him, he jumps off a boat and swims to shore. He then goes to Sparta.
Lysander
The Spartan king who solicits gold from Persia in order to buy supplies for ships to defeat Athens. Lysandros defeats the Athenian navy. He puts a pro-Sparta oligarchy in charge of Athens. Called the 30 tyrants.
Archidamus 2
Spartan king at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. He launches the first invasion of Attica when the war began
The 30 tyrants
Oligarchy made by Sparta to rule Athens.Some are students of Socrates, considered traitors to Athens.
Themistokles
Leader of the Delian league early on and Greek’s naval leader. Eventually he is ostracized and ends up in Persia.
Pericles
Leader of Athens during Athens golden age. He is a good leader, however, he was ostracized, but came back after a year due to the Athenians changing the rules to bring him back.
Results of the Peloponnesian War
Greece returns to a multi-polar system, democracy survives in Athens, Sparta declines because its social structure is not fit for the the outside world, real winner is Persia it gains many Greek cities in the east
Synoikism
various villages bonding together to form a city-state Ex: Rome
Kleroukies
forts the Athenians controlled near city states that were not cooperative. These became a source of conflict between the Greek city-states and Athens.
Trireme
A fast boat, each boat needs 300 men. They were Greek naval ships, and are very fast and maneuverable. Their main weapon is the battering ram.
Demagogue
Athenian politician who rose to power based on the support of the people
Acropolis
Like a citadel, the high point of a city
Agora
A marketplace. There was also a podium where people could speak to the public
Boule
One of Athens councils. This council wields the most power
Purpose of Ostracism
To prevent one leader from becoming too powerful, supposed to prevent tyrants from forming. Athenian members of the council would vote on who they wanted to ostracize. That person would then be exiled for 10 years. Introduced by Kleisthenes
Areopagus
other Athenian council, comprised of former arkhons and the elite members of society
Arkhon
kind of like governors, from the Athenian government, they serve 1 year terms
Ekklasia
the Athenian name for their assembly, where the Athenian assembly met or gathered
Draco
famous Athenian judge who reformed the Greek laws revolving around murder and revenge. These laws were so harsh that his name would become an adjective for harsh punishments (Draconian). Death was a consequence for violation of many of his laws
Solon
did not attempt a land reform due mainly to the length of time it takes to grow olive trees. Brought reforms in order to prevent future attempts at tyrants overthrowing the government. These reforms included a one-time elimination of individual debt and freeing those enslaved for unpaid debts. Divided the populace into 4 tribes or classes, with 100 representatives of each tribe elected as members of the Boule. These tribes (classes) are divided by wealth, and suggest the possibility of social mobility. However, these reforms prove unpopular
Kleisthenes
Introduced ostracism. He created a new constitution with 4 new things: 10 new tribes representing all classes, all adult males become assembly members, introduced ostracism, equality of laws and freedom of speech. He also expands the Boule to 500 members.
Cimon
Leader of the Delian League after Themistocles is exiled. He created a new silver coinage
Delian League
One purpose was to protect the grain and silver shipments coming in and out of Athens. The second purpose is to prevent any other Persian invasions. The Greek Naval alliance. Led by Athens, but the treasury is initially in Delos. Athenians use money from the Delian league to build up their own city.
Lykourgous
Credited with setting up the Spartan form of government. He created the Spartan constitution. Laws were initially not written down. Discipline will maintain order.
Spartiates/Homoioi
Roughly 8,000 adult males dedicated to warfare, held all political and military power. Full Spartan citizens
Peroikoi
The dwellers around, Free citizens who were not Spartan citizens, they flunked out of the military academy, no military wanted them. They were residents
Helot
Slaves, owned by Spartan state, assigned to a spartiate with his kleros
Xerxes
Darius 1’s son, launches a huge force from land and sea (estimated 1 million people) in order to avenge his father and defeat Greece. Smaller city-states immediately surrender to him. Leads the Persians at the battle of Thermopylae.
Darius
King of Persia during the beginning of the Persian Wars, was involved in the Ionian revolt and the battle of Marathon
Leonidus
One of the kings of Sparta, led his 300 Spartans to Thermopylae, last stand of the 300. Had the 1000 Thesbians to fight with them. Everyone including Leonidus was killed
Pisistratus
Took control of Athens after Solon left. Solon opposed him upon his return. Athens first look at tyranny. Example of tyranny in ancient Greece.
Miltiades
Head general of Athens when Athens is fighting the Persians.
Ionian Revolt
Start of the Persian Wars. Leaders of this revolt went to Sparta, but Sparta did not want to help. Athens and Eretria agreed to help, so they sacked the Persian city of Sardeis.This was led by the city of Miletus. It took the Persians 6 years to put the rebellion down, and as a result, the city of Miletus was burned by the Persians.
Battle of Marathon
After the first Persian fleet bound for Greece is lost at sea, a second expedition destroys Eretria, attacks Marathon, and plans an attack on Athens. The Athenians again ask Sparta to aid them, and Sparta again declines. When Athens defeats the Persians without Spartan help, the Athenians claim their superiority within Greece.
Battle of Thermopylae
A small Greek army (most Greek city-states surrendered to Xerxes) gathers to fight Xerxes at Thermopylae, this time with the Spartans helping and led by the Spartan Leonidas 1. The Greek army consists of 300 spartans and 1,000 Thespians, and they initially hold Xerxes and the Persians. A traitor eventually shows the Persians a way around the Greek army, and the Persians win the battle. Persians kill every Greek there.
Battle of Salamis
After the Persians burn Athens, the refugees gather at Salamis. The Persians follow to attack them, but the Greek navy (led by Themistokles) is hidden nearby and destroys most of the Persian fleet. Xerxes must retreat to Persia for the time being, but leaves a large army behind.
Battle of Arginusae
Athenian victory on the seas. As the battle is ending, a large storm appears and both ships must flee and try to find a safe port. Athenian commanders return home and are arrested because they left the survivors in the water instead of rescuing them because of the storm. Commanders were all executed or imprisoned. This leaves inexperienced commanders in charge of Athens.
Battle of Aegospotami
Naval battle, turning point for the Athenian navy. The Spartans beat the navy, and the Athenian fleet is destroyed. Last time the Athenians could put ships to sea.
Battle of Leuctra
Thebes under the general Epameinondas, defeated the Spartans in battle. The Spartan army is only able to field about 700 full Spartan citizens. The Spartan mystique is broken after this battle. Sparta loses many allies after this defeat.
Battle of Plataea
The remaining Persians are defeated by the Greeks (Sparta, Athens, Corinth, a few other city-states) at Plataiai. The Persian commander Mardonius was killed early in the battle
Battle of Eurymedon
Attempted Persian naval invasion. Land and sea battle in Asia Minor. The Delian league fights this battle against the Persians.
Cause of the Persian war
Ionian revolt, burning of the Persians temple
Athenian Democracy
No professional bureaucrats, each citizen could hold office
Ephors
More powerful than kings. They are the administrators of the city. Spartan
Gerousa
An advisory council of 28 elders plus the 2 kings. Spartan
Rhetra
The militarized form of Spartan citizenship that cultivated a warrior society. The general system/lifestyle of the Spartans, defined by upholding the codes of their militaristic society.
