Apush Test 4 (Unit 5) Pre/Post Civil War

Free Soil Party

a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into new U.S. territories, also for free homesteads (public land grants to small farmers) and roads/harbors

Election of 1848

Lewis Cass (Dem supporting popular sovereignty) vs. Zachary Taylor (Whig party); Taylor won

Gold Rush of 1849

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848 by John Sutler - became the 49ers

Question of Slavery in California (1849-50)

drafted 1849 California Constitution prohibited slavery -> Pres Taylor urged Congress to admit Cali as a free state (ignoring territorial status) -- 4 Responses to this: - 1.) Calhoun proposed a dual presidency (divide power N/S) claiming Congress had no const right to regulate 'property' - 2.) Buchanan (S moderate) wanted to extend the MO Compromise line to the Pacific/split Cali - 3.) S. Douglas and N for popular Sovereignty/ squatter sov - 4.) Chase + Seward advo for federal laws to restrict slavery within existing boundaries and ultimately abolish it

1850 Compromise

By Clay/Webster (whigs) and Douglas (dem) -> passed by pres fillmore after taylor died -- Cali annexed as a FREE state - Strengthen Fugitive Slave Act - Abolished slave trade in Washington D.C - resolved Tex-New Mexico border - Organized NM and Utah under pop sovereignty

Southern Fire Eaters - Nashville Convention (1850)

Before the Comp of 1850 they threated secession and organized a convention calling for preparation of arms and funds - subsided after comp

Fugitive Slave Act 1850

allowed government officials to arrest any person accused of being a runaway slave; all that was needed to take away someone's freedoms was word of a white person; northerners required to help capture runaways if requested, suspects had no right to trial -- greatly opposed in the N as cities helped slaves escape catchers

Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin

In 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave and a brutal white slave owner - caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life

Ableman v. Booth (1859)

Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of the federal government over state government. - demo N hatred of the Fugitive Slave Act.

Election of 1852 - end of the Whig party

By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party. Pierce was the compromise candidate of the dem party who supported S exp of slavery (whig indecision on slavery led to its decline n v. s)

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Part of Pres Pierce aggressive foreign policy -- Commodore Perry opened Japanese ports to American Trade (1858 US consul in Japanese capital Edu)

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Part of Pres Pierce aggressive foreign policy -- acquired from Mexico, became AZ and NM for a transcontinental railroad (New Orleans, LA - Cali)

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Part of Pres Pierce aggressive foreign policy -- S expansionists want Cuba as a slave state -> Secret document by American diplos advo 4 forcibly taking Cuba (Pierce indirectly supported by filibustering) -- N saw that 'slave power' would stop at nothing to expand

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants -- denying immigrants rights and anti immigrant mob violence

American Republican Party / American (Know Nothing) Party

1844 party advo temperance, anti-cath and nativism, wanted to extend naturalization process and deny voting and office for immigrants -- 1851 party mobilized native prots against Irish/German caths, discouraged immigration, advo for voting tests (Generally Nativist)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the ppl in those territories the right to chose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.; repealed Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig/dem party & led to emergence of Rep party

Bleeding Kansas (1856-61)

After KS-NB Act extremes of both sides of the slavery questions flooded in to influ if it would become a slave vs free state - violence, fraud and voter intimidation

Birth of Republican Party

Former whigs who opposed exp of slavery formed party in WI 1854 after the KS-NB Act -- also included free-soilers and anti-slavery dems -- wanted repeal of KS-NB Act and Fugitive Slave Law (ppl joined seeing bleeding KS, threatened the S)

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Lecompton Constitution (1857)

supported the existence of slavery in Kansas and protected the rights of slaveholders. pushed forward by Pres Buchanan but rejected by Congress, making Kansas free state in 1861

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Ruled that no person descended from an American slave could ever be a U.S. citizen and that slavery could not legally be excluded from U.S. territories , Invalidated the MO Compromise -- Strengthened N opp of slavery; divided the Dems while strengthening the Rep Party; encouraged secessionist elements among S supporters of slavery to make bolder demands.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate (1858)

Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of seven debates. Though Douglas won the Senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame (House Divided speech) and helped him later win the presidency as the leading Republican. The debates foreshadowed the Civil War.

Southern Democrats Split (1859-60)

S division/radicalism -- split into moderates and radical "fire-eaters" (advo for secession)

John Brown's Raid (1859)

an attempt by a white abolitionist to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. 20 men in his party were defeated by U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee and he was executed for treason. Many in the North hailed him as a martyr, while the south saw him as a terrorist. Helped make Civil War inevitable.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it had a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

South Carolina Secession (1860)

the first state to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Confederate States

MS, FL, AL, AS, LA + TX joining SC formed in Montgomery AL w/ Davis as Pres and Stephens as VP - C const supported slavery, empha state's rights and barred who was allowed citizenship

Fort Sumner

Confederate attacked the Union fort in South Carolina. This was the first actual battle & marked the start of the Civil War.

Border States

4 - DE, MD, KY, and MO held econ, geo and military importance

Military Differences

C only needs to win war, U needs to reconquer C - Distance to move troops/supplies shorter for C - C had long indented coastline that was hard for U to blockade - C only has 5.5 mil whereas U has 22 mil + 800k emigrants + 180k Afr Am and a loyal US Navy

Economic Differences

U domed the nation by controlling most of the banking/capital/factories/railroads +farmland - U also had clerks to keep logistics of mil ops - C counted on foreign help that it didn't really receive

Political Differences

C fighting for state's rights resented the need for a strong central military government and lacked the public support needed to back it up - U had est. central gov and participation - C just hopes U turns ag Lincoln and Reps quit bc too costly

Union Strategy - Anaconda Plan

Winfield Scott, 3 part plan - US Navy blockade S ports to cut off essential supplies - take control of the MS river to divide the C in two - make army of 500k to conquer Richmond (capital)

Battle of Bull Run (1861)

First major battle of the Civil War in VA and a victory for the South (U seemed close to victory but "Stonewall" Jackson counterattacked) it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

fought in the 1st Battle of Bull Run; got his nickname because he encouraged his men to stand firm like a stonewall

General George McClellan

President Lincoln appointed him commander of Union forces in 1861. his army was defeated by Robert E. Lee's at Peninsular Campaign of 1862. His egotism and overcautiousness cost the Union the chance to end the Civil War quickly and finally forced Pres Lincoln to replace him after Antietam in 1862.

Battle of Antietam (1862)

Single bloodiest day of the American Civil War (22k) - C needed win to make Brit help them - Union victory turned back a Confederate invasion of the North -- Allowed Lincoln to issue the Eman Proclam freeing the slaves in the ten C states and shifting the war objectives of the North.

Battle of Shiloh (1862)

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory on the MS river

David Farragut

Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

British-Confederate Boats

Brit allowed C to purchase warships from Brit shipyards - did serious harm to U merchant ships

Vicksburg (1863)

Two-and-a-half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee - finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two.

Gettysburg (1863)

Turning point of the Civil War in the East. Northern troops led by George Meade stopped southern forces led by Robert E. Lee from invading the North.

Sherman's March to the Sea (1864)

The Union army's devastating march through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, led by General William T. Sherman, intended to demoralize civilians and destroy the resources the Confederate army needed to fight.

Appomattox Court House (1865)

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Confiscation Acts (1861-2)

Series of laws right b4 eman proclam designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Homestead Act of 1862

Encouraged westward settlement by allowing heads of families to buy 160 acres of land for a small fee ($10-30); settlers were required to develop and remain on the land for five years. Over 400,000 families got land through this law.

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges - became centers of research and innovation

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by lincoln on september 22, 1862 after battle of Antietam - it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free - added moral cause to U fight

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

First successful Black regiment (headed mostly by whites). Led by Robert Gould Shaw. Most famous battle was that fought at Ft. Wagner where they lost most of their men--a very celebrated regiment

New York City draft riots (1863)

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men for four days until federal troops suppressed them. loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs. (too poor for $300 exemption fee)

Election of 1864

5 political parties supported candidates for the presidency: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, & National Union Party; each political party offered a diff. point of view on how the war should be run & what should be done to the Confederate states after the war; National Union Party joined w/ Lincoln, who won the election on the recent northern victories against the South; decided that the Confederacy would lose & that slavery was done

Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln's speech delivered at the cemetery of Gettysburg battlefield - framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty "dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal" "a new birth of freedom"

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

way to reintroduce the south into the union; would begin by the reestablishment of state governments that would gain legitimacy by obtaining at least 10% of their voting populace to swear an oath of loyalty to the US and accept the emancipation of slaves; each S south required to rewrite its state const to abolish slavery

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves and whites left destitute after the CW in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing and helped them get jobs - it planned to resettle freedmen on confiscated farmlands in the S but Pres Johnson gave back the land - also est. 3K schools for freedpeople

Lincoln's Assassination (1865)

John Wilkes Booth carried this out on April 14 at Ford's Theater. Andrew Johnson, the vice president, succeeded the presidential seat.

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Andrew Johnson was a Southern democrat who was for slavery. also didn't like rich white men (temporarily put rich white men in their place). His plan for reconstruction was for states to take an oath of loyalty to the Union, have no high ranking officials or wealthy planters in office, apologizing for leaving the Union, and ratifying the 13th amendment (no slavery). This sounded good to the south. Also, any property could be given back to plantation owners if it was taken away. very lenient plan (radical republicans and congress wanted more)

Johnson's Vetoes

He vetoed 2 bills that were designed to help African-Americans. The 1st was the landmark civil rights bill, which bestowed upon blacks full citizenship. The 2nd was the Freedmen's Bureau. He said that it was a too much federal power. He also argued that Congress lacked jurisdiction over the 11 unrepresented states. Johnson went too far attacking the Radicals and said that they were traitors unwilling to restore the Union. United Moderate and Radical Republicans succeeded in overriding his vetoes. Congressional Republicans, led by the Radicals, were now unified in challenging the President's power

Radical Republicans

Championed civil rights for Blacks - led by charles sumner - thaddeus Stevens hoped to revolutionize the S thru a period of mil rule (protect afr am civil rights) - harsher punishment for the S

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

13th Amendment

abolished slavery - 4 million slaves freed

Civil Rights Act of (1866)

Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous condition.

14th Amendment (1866)

Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens. It reversed the Dred Scott decision, which denied citizenship to blacks. Approving it was a condition for re-admittance to the Union for Southern states.

Election of 1866

Congressional election; radical republicans took control of Congress & started Congressional Reconstruction--> Congress could enact its own plan over Johnson's veto

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson (1867)

Johnson suspends Stanton (rad rep sec of war) and replaces him with Grant (1867) - Senate overrules this suspension and replacement -Grant resigns so Stanton can resume (1868) -Johnson formerly dismisses Stanton, and 3 days later articles of impeachment are introduced -Johnson is charged with treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 11 counts are brought against Johnson (most relating to infringement of congressional powers) -one vote short of impeaching him

-Johnson was acquitted of blame with just months of his term remaining -Congress showed their power through the impeachment

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, regardless of race.

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Southern Republicans and Northern newcomers who came to rebuild the South

North's Corruption (1870s)

Rep party leaders switched from reformers to political manipulators - patronage/giving jobs and gov favors (spoils) to their supporters

Economic Crisis of 1873

The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879 - 1000s jobless and homeless bc of overspeculation and overbuilding (black southerns most hurt bc N too focused on self to help S)

Women's Suffrage

Women took jobs during CW, fought for black freedom but let down by 13/14th Amendments excluding them - 1869 WY Territory bc 1st to grants full womens suffrage

Reconstruction Fading (1877)

Radical Reps loosing influence, and S conservatives (redeemers) took control of state govs -- wanted states rights, reduced taxes and spending on social programs and above all white supremacy

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. founded by confed general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

Established that states may regulate privately owned businesses in the public's interest (agriculture/railroads)

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Sharecropping System

Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for half of the harvest - created a endless cycle of debt (merchants made worse)

Amnesty Act of 1872

This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments

Election of 1876

one of the most disputed presidential elections in US history. Tilden (Dem) outpolled Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted due to problems in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina). The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory on the condition that Hayes would remove remaining federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--> ended Reconstruction

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west - RR became huge interstate enterprises, began corps raising big private capital

Great Plains - Reservation Policy

before 1860 seen as the "great american desert" bc of lack of rainfall - reserved for the native americans since west of the 100th meridian deemed too dry to farm - but by 1865 the frontier had 'vanished' and bison were almost extinct

William Seward - Burlingame Treaty & Alaska Purchase

saw Asia as central to global future and US wealth, advo for strategic navel bases and refueling stations in Pacific and Caribbean - Treaty protected US missionaries in China (formalized chinese labor emigration to US for agr/RR) - Purchase secured vast land from Russia - also joined Brit, Fr and Neth in forcibly reopening Japanese ports to trade - see precedent for rep led global expansion

Protective Tariffs

nurtured key INDs (textiles in NewEng/MD and farms in W) also fund gov ops (help pay off CW debt) - dem oppose bc burdened consumers w/ inflation but rep believe they protected Am workers from low wage foreign competition (argue help ppl make living wage - fams thrive kids in school) -- Overall grew econ and made US a global power

Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis

Idea that held that the existence of cheap and unsettled land played a key role in making American society more democratic; the frontier helped create the American spirit of democracy and egalitarianism, acted as a safety valve for Americans to escape bad economic conditions, and stimulated nationalism and individualism but now that they expanded as far as possible wasted resources and acceptance of whats there

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux leader, Sitting Bull, led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington didnt listen. When custer came sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all

Assimilation

the destruction of native culture to "save the man, kill the indian" and force natives into the 'superior' white culture -- stole children away to boarding schools and banned all remnants of native culture

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Wounded Knee Massacre

mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux in South Dakota, in 1890

Helen Hunt Jackson - Century of Dishonor

book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments of 160 acres for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers. 90 million acres went to white buyers not natives

Yellowstone and Yosemite National Park

congress wanted to preserve western landscapes from overcultivation (federal protection of lands from exploitation)