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What are the three main phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
What enzyme catalyzes the carbon fixation step?
Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase).
What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?
CO2, ATP, and NADPH.
What are the outputs of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), ADP, and NADP+.
What is G3P and what happens to it?
A 3-carbon sugar that can be used to synthesize glucose and other organic compounds.
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one G3P?
Three turns.
How is RuBP regenerated?
ATP is used to convert G3P molecules back into RuBP.
What are the three main phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
What enzyme catalyzes the carbon fixation step?
Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase).
What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?
CO2, ATP, and NADPH.
What are the outputs of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate), ADP, and NADP+.
What is G3P and what happens to it?
A 3-carbon sugar that can be used to synthesize glucose and other organic compounds.
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one G3P?
Three turns.
How is RuBP regenerated?
ATP is used to convert G3P molecules back into RuBP.
Purpose of cyclic electron flow
To produce ATP for the Calvin Cycle when additional ATP is required.
Photosystem involved in cyclic electron flow
Photosystem I (PSI).
NADPH production in cyclic electron flow
No, it only produces ATP.
Water splitting or oxygen production in cyclic electron flow
No, water is not split, and oxygen is not produced.
Electron movement in cyclic electron flow
Electrons cycle back from ferredoxin (Fd) to the cytochrome complex and then to PSI.
Purpose of non-cyclic electron flow
To produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle.
Photosystems involved in non-cyclic electron flow
Both Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI).
Photolysis definition and location
Splitting of water molecules into electrons, protons, and oxygen; occurs in PSII.
Role of PSII in non-cyclic electron flow
Captures light energy, splits water, and transfers electrons to the electron transport chain.
Role of PSI in non-cyclic electron flow
Captures light energy and reduces NADP+ to NADPH.
Final products of non-cyclic electron flow
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Process involving both photosystems
Non-cyclic electron flow.
Process that produces oxygen
Non-cyclic electron flow (via photolysis of water).
Process that produces NADPH
Non-cyclic electron flow.
Process that only produces ATP
Cyclic electron flow.
Reason for cyclic electron flow
To balance the ATP/NADPH ratio required for the Calvin Cycle.
Role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin Cycle
ATP provides energy, and NADPH provides reducing power for carbon fixation and sugar synthesis.
Effect of insufficient ATP for the Calvin Cycle
Cyclic electron flow compensates by producing additional ATP.
Importance of non-cyclic electron flow in oxygenic photosynthesis
It generates oxygen, ATP, and NADPH, all essential for sustaining life.
Photosynthesis diagram
