🌟Last Lec Exam🌟

How many ear bones do birds have?

1, stapes

Reptile features in birds?

All of the above

Birds are exclusively _____-parous.

Oviparous

What is different about red blood cells in birds?

They have nuclei

Birds excrete…

Uric acid

Archaeopteryx had teeth.

True

A feature of Archeopteryx wings?

Digits with claws

What is different about an Archaeopteryx tail?

It is long, with vertebrae

Birds are hypothesized to share common ancestors with these dinosaurs:

Saurichian theropods

Feathers are a unique trait among ______ ______.

Present vertebrates

Uses for feathers in dinosaurs?

All of the above

Adaptations in birds to reduce weight?

All of the above

In birds, the pelvis is fused to…

The sacral and thoracic vertebrae

How many ovaries do birds have?

1

Birds are ____________.

They have no ____________.

Endothermic, bladder

In birds, when sex organs are functional?

Only during breeding season

In the mitochondria, how do you make ATP?

Glucose + oxygen

In the mitochondria, how do you make heat, water, and CO2?

Glucose + oxygen

What does a bird’s gizzard do?

Help break down food

This muscle powers the upstroke:

Supracoracoideus

This muscle powers the downstroke:

Pectoralis

How many chambers in a bird heart?

4

The benefit of one-way airflow in bird lungs?

Maximizes oxygen transfer to blood

What birds use to migrate?

All of the above

Which embryonic structure becomes the placenta?

Chorion

Eutherians have this kind of skull:

Synapsid

What is different about early therapsids’ body cavities?

The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated, unlike modern reptiles

Evidence of reptile ancestry in mammals?

• monotremes

• cloaca

• scales

• claws

Cynodonts have this teeth type:

Heterodont

A mammal heart has ____ chambers, and ____ circuts.

4, 2

Endotherm traits?

All of the above

The milk in all mammal species has the same content ratio.

False

Mammal palates are _________.

Reptile palates are _________.

Arched, flat

Benefits of an arched palate?

Shape accommodates tongue movement and chewing

Mammals have this many cervical vertebrae:

7

In mammals, the pharyngeal pouches turned into:

Voice box, earbones, jaw

What separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities in mammals?

A muscular diaphragm

What do mammals excrete?

(Nitrogenous) urea

The path of blood starting with aorta?

Aorta → arteries → arterioles → capillaries

In the capillaries, red blood cells move in:

Single file

The returning path to the heart, starting with capillaries?

Capillaries → venules → veins → vena cava

The function of the SA node?

• Contracting atria

• Sends signal to AV node

The function of the AV node?

• Contracting ventricles 

• Sends signal to heart apex

Systole means:

Diastole means:

Contract, relax

The heartbeat starts in which part?

Right atrium

Cardiac muscle uses ____% of ________ delivered by blood.

70%, oxygen

Between which structures does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

Alveoli + capillaries

Thermoregulation is the ability to…

Control your body temperature

Cellular respiration increases with:

Temperature increases

What is conduction?

Direct contact heat transfer between body and environment

What is convection?

Movement of air over a body surface

What is evaporation?

Heat loss as water molecules escape as gas (sweat)

What is radiation?

Giving off energy waves (no direct contact)

How do ectotherms get heat?

Warm places in the environment

How do endotherms get heat?

Cellular processes (e.g. cellular respiration)

One type of mitochondria makes _______.

Another kind only makes ______.

ATP, heat

What is torpor?

A temporary lowering of metabolism

The counter current system maximizes _________ from ________ to ________.

Heat transfer, arteries, veins

What is the bird version of “panting”?

Gular flutter

Brown fat is found in _________.

It is specialized to only generate _________.

Placental mammals, heat

Why brown fat is brown?

It is full of mitochondria

This part of the brain regulates temperature:

Hypothalamus

Overall kidney function?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Excretion removes…

Metabolic wastes from the body

Osmoconformers:

Osmotic concentration is same as environment

Osmoregulators:

Osmotic concentration is different from their environment

What planarians use to osmoregulate?

Protonephridia

Malphigian tubules remove______ and secrete ______.

Metabolic waste, uric acid

Antennal glands remove:

Ammonia

Osmoregulators

acquire _______.

dilute _______,

Salts, urine

Osmoconformers remove _______,

and make little _______.

Salts, urine

Ecology is the study of the relationship of _________ to the _________, and ___________.

Organisms, environment, other organisms

Graph A indicates _________ growth.

Graph B indicates _________ growth.

Exponential, Logistical

The red dotted line is the ___________, which is…

Carrying capacity, the population size the environment can support

Predator adaptations?

All of the above

Coevolution is when…

A change in once species results in change in another

Prey defenses?

All of the above

Interspecific: interaction _________.

Intraspecific interaction __________.

Between two different species, within same species

Competitive exclusion principle says…

Two species competing for a single resource cannot coexist

What is resource partitioning?

The division of resources

Commensal:

• One gains

• Other neither gains nor loses

Mutualism:

• Both species gain

Parasitism:

• One gains

• Other loses

In ecosystem is…

Everything in an environment, including abiotic factors (e.g. soil, water, temperature)

A community, found within an ecosystem, includes:

All organisms living close enough for potential interaction

Define species richness.

The number of species in an area of study

Define species evenness.

Relative abundance of each species in an area of study

Even representation indicates…

More resilient communities

Genetic diversity means __________ within a species.

Different alleles

Inbreeding means genes are too similar, which makes species…

More susceptible to:

• Disturbances

• Parasites

• Illness

Food chains always begin with a(n) __________.

Autotroph

Grass would be considered a ___________.

Primary producer

A grasshopper would be considered a ___________.

Primary consumer

A bird would be considered a ___________.

Secondary consumer

Energy only flows _____ way(s).

1

Ecological succession is when…

One combination of species replaces another, over time.

Ecological succession begins with a ________.

Disturbance

Primary succession:

• Starting from “scratch”

• Completely barren habitat

• e.g., volcanic events

Secondary succession:

• Region where a community previously existed

• e.g., forest fires

Which factors affect succession?

All of the above