AP exam review

What two philosophies emerged at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty?

Confucianism and Daoism

What philosophy was predominant in the Han Dynasty?

Confucianism

In what Chinese dynasty was there an immensely large migration to the south?

The Han Dynasty

What are the Chinese Dynasties in order?

Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing

Under what dynasty was the Great Wall of China built?

Qin Dynasty

Define the tribute system?

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities

When was the grand canal constructed?

Sui Dynasty

Why was the grand canal so important?

It connected northern and southern China

Define neo-Confucianism

An effort to receive Confucian thinking while incorporating it into some of the insights of Buddhism and Daoism

When was the golden age of china?

Tang and Song Dynasties

Why was population increase so rampant during the golden age of China?

The cultivation of champa rice

What six state structured entities were overseen during the Song Dynasty?

Personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, and public works

Did the tang or the song dynasty have better lives for women?

Tang

Define champa rice

A fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in Vietnam, greatly expanding agricultural production in China.

During what Chinese Dynasties had support for Buddhism?

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Why did Buddhism decline in China?

Buddhism was perceived as a challenge to imperial authority

Who in Korean culture used Buddhism?

Korean elite

Did Korea have an examination system for bureaucrats?

No

What was hangul?

Korean phonetic alphabet

Did Vietnam have an examination system for bureaucrats?

Yes

What was chu nom?

Vietnamese variation of Chinese writing

Who were the Trung sisters?

Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese (Han Dynasty) rule; revolt broke out in 39.

Children of fired Viet ruler

Define shogun

Japanese military ruler

Define daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

define shinto

the way of the gods (Japan)

Who created Daoism?

Laozi

When was legalism frequently used?

During the Qin Dynasty

Why did Confucius create Confucianism?

He felt that many people were rude and dishonest

How did Buddhism spread?

through missionaries and traders carried on the silk road

Define sinification

The spread of Chinese culture, sometimes through Confucianism or Buddhism

Was Japan ever invaded by China?

No

What was it called when Japan attempted to establish bureaucracy along Chinese lines?

646 Taika Reforms

Did the 646 Taika Reforms succeed?

NO

Define Bedouins

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula

Define Quraysh

Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century

Define Umayyad

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

Acceptance of Islam, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, payment of zakat, and the hajj to Mecca to visit the Ka'ba

What percent of a person's income is paid when paying for the zakat?

2.5%

When did Muhammad die?

632 CE

Who were the two candidates to be successors of Muhammad?

Ali and Abu Bakr

Who was Ali?

son in law and cousin of Muhammad

Who was Abu Bakr?

One of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends

Who ended up being caliph after Muhammad?

Abu Bakr

Define ummah

Muslim community

Who was caliph after Abu Bakr?

Umar

Who was caliph after Umar?

Uthman

What event signaled followers of Ali to proclaim his as caliph?

Murder of the 3rd caliph, Uthman, by warriors returning from Egypt

Define Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Define Shia

Muslims who believe that Ali should have been the caliph

What was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate?

Damascus

Define Ma'wali

Non-Arab converts to Islam

Define dhimmis

people of the book

Define jizya

tax on non-muslims

Why did the Umayyads lose power?

Addiction to wealth, as well as abandoning the simple life that was promoted by Muhammad

What was the reconciliation banquet?

Event in which leaders of the Abbasids invited Umayyads. Abbasids killed the Umayyads

Who started the caliphate of Cordoba?

Grandson of a former Caliph that escapes the reconciliation banquet and flees to Spain

Define dhows

Arab sailing vessels with lateen or triangular sails, carry goods and peoples

Define minaret

the tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer 5 times a day

What was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Baghdad

Define wazir

Advisors to the caliph that are from Persia

In what year did the Abbasid Caliphate fall?

1258

In what year did the Abbasid Caliphate begin?

750

Define harem

Areas where women were to be secluded to.

True or False: It seems as though as time goes on, that women got less rights in the Islamic world

True

Were the Umayyads sunni or shia?

Sunni

Were the Abbasids sunni or shia?

Began shia, ended sunni

Were the Buyids of Persia sunni or shia?

Shia

Were the Seljuk Turks sunni or shia?

sunni

Who were the Seljuk Turks?

Muslim nomadic invaders from Central Asia

Why did the Abbasid Caliphate fall?

Invasion from the Mongols

Why did the Crusades begin?

West European Christian crusaders invaded Muslim territory with the goal of capturing the Holy Land (1099)

Define Saladin

Leader of the Muslims during the Third Crusade

When was the Islamic golden age?

During the Abbasid Caliphate

Define ulama

Conservative, Orthodox Muslim leaders, opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

Define sufis

Muslim mystics who played key roles in the spreading of Islam

Why did the Umayyads invade part of India?

Arab trading ship was attacked near India, the Umayyad conquering of Sindh India was led by Muhammad ibn Qasim

What is the period in India where a sultan was the leader of the Empire?

Delhi Sultanate

Who was Mahmud of Ghazni?

Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.

Who was Muhammad of Ghur?

Persian leader who created an extensive state in the Indus valley and north-central India

What religion were the leaders of the Delhi Sultanate?

Muslim

What is true of all religions?

As religions spread, they are force to accommodate

Why did high-caste Hindus not accept Muslims as equals?

They didn't want to give up their caste spot to the Muslims

Who were most likely to convert to Islam in India?

Low-caste members of Indian society

Define proselytizing

the action of wishing to spread one's belief system, particularly to new regions

Was Islam able to merge with Hinduism in India?

NO

Why did many non-Muslims convert to Islam in Islamic conquered lands?

to avoid paying the jizya

Did women's status increased or decreased as Muslims went to India?

Decrease

Define sati

In India, the practice in which a widow committed ritual suicide at the death of her husband.

What areas were most susceptible to Islam in Southeast Asia?

Coastal cities

Why was conversion to Islam easier in the Spice Islands?

No single religious system dominated the area yet

What is Malacca?

a state and coastal city in Malaysia; was an early center to the spice trade; the Portuguese took this city

What is Great Zimbabwe?

A powerful state in the African interior that emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast

Why was political unity difficult in Africa?

Difficult terrain

What was the most common language in Africa before the introduction of Islam into Africa?

Bantu

Why were African stateless societies weak?

No organization to collect taxes, no effective militaries, no consensus, etc.

Define Maghreb

region of Northwest Africa

What were the names of the ultra-conservative Muslim Berbers that grew in power in the Maghreb in the 11th and 12th centuries?

Almoravids and Almohads

Did the Almohads or the Almoravids win the war against each other?

Almohads

Why was Islam attractive in Northwest Africa?

Egalitarian; reinforced kings' authority; equal footing politically/religiously/economically with Arabs