LEC 1 SP 131 INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY

Study of the structure of an organism 

“Anatomia” or “Anatome”

dissection or cutting of parts of an organism

Applied or clinical anatomy 

* Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease
* Relevant to surgical procedures and things involving a typical human body 

Descriptive or Systematic Anatomy

* Description of individual part of the body without reference to disease or any other condition
* Views the body as composite of systems that function together 

Gross

* Body as visible without microscopy 

Microscopic

* Body by means of microscopy 

Surface

* Body and its surface markings related to underlying structures 

Developmental

* Anatomy with reference to growth 
* Ex: from conception to adulthood

Pathological

* Body with respect to pathological entity 

Comparative

* Homologous (similar position, structure, value, or purpose)  structures of different animals

PHYSIOLOGY

Study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved

Physis

nature origin

Logus

study

SPEECH PATHOLOGY

* Study of the nature of diseases and of the structural and functional changes that are imposed upon the living organism as a result 
* Understand the typical structure and function of the human body to understand and provide appropriate treatment to those individuals with altered anatomy and physiology

Cranial cavity

* brain and other structures 

Vertebral cavity

spinal cord and vertebral canal

Thoracic cavity

 lungs and related structures

Pericardial cavity

heart

Abdominal cavity

digestive organs

ANATOMICAL POSITION

International standard position in which structures of the human body are described:

* Body standing upright and facing the observer 


* Eyes looking forward 
* Arms resting at the side 
* Palms and toes facing forward

**Sagittal plane** 

* Generally left and right 

**Midsagittal plane** 

* Exactly at the middle 
* Equally divides left and right

**Parasagittal plane** 

* Anywhere else that divides left and right
* Not equal

**Transverse, Horizontal, Axial** 

Upper (superior) and lower (inferior)

**Frontal, Coronal** 

* Front (anterior) and back (posterior)

**Anterior**

**posterior**

**Ventral**

**dorsal**

Ventral and anterior

v and a are synonymous

Posterior and dorsal

p and d are synonymous (interchangeable)

**Rostral and Cranial**

**caudal**

In animals with linear nervous system

rostral is synonymous to anterior; caudal

True

 our CNS is not linear

**Midbrain diencephalic junction** 

At this point - 90 degrees nervous system

**Medial**

**lateral**

**Central**

**peripheral**

medial , central

starts at center

Lateral, peripheral

away from the center

**Extrinsic**

* **intrinsic**

**External**

**internal**

Extrinsic

*  refers to structures that originate outside the body

Intrinsic

* situated within the body 

**Proximal**

* **closer to reference point** 

**Distal**

*  **farther from reference point** 

**Deep**

closer to the interior part of the body

**Intermediate**

* **in between** 

**Superficial**

situated towards the external part of the body

**Superior**

farther from the ground

**Inferior**

* **lower, closer to the ground** 

Unilateral

one side

Bilateral

two side

Ipsilateral

* same sides

Contralateral

different sides

**Cells**

Smallest unit of life 

**Tissues** 

Cells that work together to perform a specific function 

**Organs**

Tissues that form a particular & identifiable structure of the body 

**Organ systems** 

Organs that work together 

**organism**

All organ systems that work together 

**Epithelial**

* Simple, compound, basement 
* Superficial layer, constitute the skin in other areas
* absence of intercellular materials that allow them to create a tightly packed sheet 
* role is to provide a barrier to some materials

**Muscle**

* 3 kinds: Striated, smooth, cardiac 

**Nervous**

* consists of Neurons, glial cells 
* highly specialized communicative tissues 
* function is to transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to  muscles, & from sensory receptors to other neural structures 

**Connective**

* Most complex
* Areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, blood, cartilage, bone
* Specialize for the purpose of support and protection 
* Composed of intracellular material (the matrix)

**Tissue Aggregates** 

* when basic basic body tissues are used to form larger structures,
* for instance, tissue aggregates with functionality, all the tissues in an organ serve generally the same purpose 

**Bone**

* Hardest connective tissue
* Provide support and protection 
* Usually replaced with cartilage where elasticity is essential 
* Help provide rigid skeletal support and protection for internal organs

**Joints** 

* Union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage 

**Fascia**

* Sheetlike- membrane that surrounds organs 
* Can be dense or flimsy, thin or thick 

**Ligament (visceral & skeletal)** 

* Visceral ligaments binds organs together or hold structures in place 
* Skeletal ligaments bind bone to bone 

**Tendon**

* Means of attaching muscle to bone or cartilage 
* Tendons are arranged longitudinally 
* have a greater tensile strength but have  reduced compressive strength

Fibrous (synarthrodial) 

* **Immobile/ fixed**  

cranium

* Sutures in the skull\* (not just one big bone, there are part that make up our skull

gomphosis

* articulation is joint by this
* teeth to mandible

syndesmosis

* specific types of different joints in the body - tibia fibula

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) 

* **Limited mobility/ have allowance for movement** 
* Synchondroses and symphyses (ex. Bones in the ribcage that need to expand)
* Cartilage that ossifies through aging 

Synovial (diarthrodial) 

* **High mobility** 


* Due to the presence of Synovial fluid found within joint 

**Pivot**

* rotation only, central bony pivot surrounded by a bony-ligamentous ring 
* e.g., between C1 and C2 (vertebral column)

**Hinge**

* movement in one place, usually flexion and extension 
* e.g., joints of elbow, ankle, knee

**Saddle**

* opposing articular surfaces (concave-convex shape) which makes it saddle-like appearance
* e.g., carpometacarpal joints

**Ball & socket**

* ball-shaped surface fits into cup-like depression. Free movement along numerous axes
* e.g., hip, shoulder joints

**Condyloid**

* convex surface articulates with concave elliptical cavity, also known as ellipsoid joints 
* e.g., wrist joints

**Plane**

* relatively flat articular surfaces, bones glide over on another
* e.g., subtalar joints

**Muscle Tissue** 

* Specialized contractile tissue, fibers capable of being stimulated to contract 
* Responsible for most body movement 
* Can be classified as striated, smooth, or cardiac

600

____ muscles in our body 

**Striated or skeletal** 

* Striped appearance
* Moves skeletal structures 
* Voluntary movements

**Smooth**

* Sheet-like, spindle-shaped cells 
* Digestive tract, blood vessels 
* Involuntary movements 

**Cardiac** 

* Net-like fashion heart
* Involuntary movements

Muscle body

epimysium

Muscle fascicle

* bundles grouped by the perimysium 

Muscle fiber

individually wrapped by endomysium

Myofibril

* cellular organelles 

Sarcolemma

* cell membrane

Sarcoplasm

* similar to cytoplasm 

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

* source of calcium 

Sarcomere

smallest functional unit

Myofilament

* actin & myosin

Size

*Vastus (huge), maximus (large), longus (long), minimus (small), brevis (short)*

**Shape**

*Deltoid (triangle), rhomboid (rhombus), latissimus (wide), teres (round), trapezius (trapezoid)*

**Direction**

*Rectus (straight), transverse (across), oblique (diagonal),  orbicularis (circular)*

**Location**

*Pectoralis (chest), gluteus (butt/rump), brachii (arm), supra-/infra- (above,below), lateralis (lateral)*

**Attachments**

*Sternocleidomastoid (involve sternum, clavicle, and mastoid), brachioradialis (origin of brachium, insertion to radius)*

**Number of origins** 

*Biceps (2),  triceps (3)* 

**actions**

*Abductor, adductor, flexor, extensor, levator*