APUSH MULTIPLE CHOICE

big stick diplomacy

A diplomatic philosophy proposed and used by Theodore Roosevelt that suggested a compromise between subtle diplomatic efforts and the use of military force to achieve U.S. goals.

activist judge

A judge who makes rulings based on personal beliefs, or which are meant to have political consequences.

AIDS

A disease of the human immune system.

al-Qaeda

A terrorist group led by a rich Saudi, Osama bin Laden.

Allies

The alliance of Russia, France, and Great Britain during World War I.

America First Committee

Committee launched in 1940 that argued for American neutrality and for staying out of World War II.

American Federation of Labor

Labor organization formed in 1886 as a federation of smaller elite craft unions.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

The most widely recognized of several Native American civil rights organizations in the 1970s.

American Liberty League

Launched in 1934, the group was one of the largest and most well-funded organizations opposed to the New Deal, which it considered socialistic.

American Railway Union

A union of railroad workers established by Eugene V. Debs that included all railroad workers regardless of their specific job.

Americanization

To cause something or someone to have characteristics of American culture.

Americans with Disabilities Act

Legislation that significantly expanded physical access and improved legal options for people with disabilities.

Angel Island

Location in San Francisco Bay that served as the port of entry for most immigrants arriving in the United States from Asia.

annexation

The addition of an area or region to a country, state, etc.

Anti-Imperialist League

Founded in Boston in June 1898, this group organized a broad-based opposition to the war in the Philippines.

assembly line

An arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled.

Atlanta Compromise

1895 proposal from Booker T. Washington that African Americans remain separate from whites while focusing on economic self-help.

Atlantic Charter

Statement of common principles and war aims developed by President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill at a meeting in August 1941.

atomic bomb

A bomb whose violent explosive power is due to the sudden release of energy resulting from the splitting of nuclei of a heavy chemical element.

baby boomers

The generation of children born to the families of returning World War II veterans between 1945 and 1960.

barbed wire

Twisted wires armed with barbs or sharp points.

Battle of Berlin

The Soviet offensive on Berlin in 1945, resulting in the suicide of Adolph Hitler and the end of the war in Europe.

Battle of Britain

The German air campaign against Great Britain fought by Great Britain's Royal Air Force.

Battle of the Bulge

The final German military campaign on the Western Front during World War II.

Bay of Pigs invasion

A 1961 invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro rebels, backed by the Kennedy administration, that was quickly defeated.

Bayonet Constitution

The derisive name for the constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii imposed on the king by force in 1887.

beatnik

A person who participated in a social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s stressing artistic self-expression and rejection of conventional society.

Berlin Airlift

In 1948 and 1949, food and supplies delivered by air into Berlin to keep the city attached to Western Europe.

Berlin Blockade

In 1948 and 1949, a blockade by the Soviet Union preventing the Allies from reaching West Berlin.

Berlin Wall

A partition built by East Germany that cut off all travel between East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

Big Three

The colloquial name for the major Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.

Black Cabinet

An informal network of high-level African American officials and advisors to the Roosevelt administration.

Black Panthers

A civil rights group begun in California in response to police brutality, organizing armed citizen patrols.

Bonus Army

A protest movement of World War I veterans in 1932 demanding early payment of service bonuses.

boomtown

A town enjoying a business and population boom.

bracero program

A federal government program to bring Mexican manual laborers to the United States during World War II.

Braceros

Mexican farm workers allowed temporary entry into the United States during and after World War II.

Brain Trust

The group of scholars that advised President Roosevelt on economic and social policies.

Bread and Roses strike

A spontaneous strike of workers in the mills of Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1912.

Buffalo Bill’s Wild West

Show owned by William Cody that presented a stereotypical depiction of life in the West.

Buffalo Soldiers

The name for an African American cavalry group that fought in the Indian Wars after the Civil War.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Agency that serves as the principal link between federally recognized Native American populations and the U.S. government.

Casablanca Conference

A conference held in January 1943 attended by Roosevelt and Churchill in which they discussed war planning.

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Turkish Ottoman Empire in World War I.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Federal legislation that suspended Chinese immigration and limited the civil rights of resident Chinese.

Christian Coalition

A key organization of the religious right, mobilizing conservative Christians.

Clean Air Act

Passed by Congress in 1990, required substantial restrictions on air pollution.

Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA)

The temporary governing authority for Iraq set up after the U.S. invasion in 2003.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency during World War I that sought to shape public opinion in support of the war effort.

Comstock Lode

Gold and silver lode at Virginia City, Nevada.

containment

The policy of resisting further expansion of the Soviet bloc through diplomacy and military action.

corporation

A body formed and authorized by law to act as a single person.

cowboy

One who tends cattle or horses.

Coxey’s Army

A protest march of unemployed workers demanding a public works program during the depression of the 1890s.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A tense standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962.

culture wars

Conflicts between groups with different beliefs and ideologies.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, the day of the first paratroop drops and amphibious landings on the coast of Normandy.

Dawes Act

An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of most reservation land.

Dayton Peace Accords

A November 1995 agreement that began the process to bring peace to the former Yugoslavia.

détente

The policy of building better understanding and a more peaceful relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.

dollar diplomacy

The U.S. policy urged by President Taft of using private investment in other nations.

dot-com

A company that markets its products or services usually exclusively online.

Double V Campaign

An ad campaign promoting both democracy abroad and civil rights for African Americans during World War II.

Dust Bowl

An area of the Great Plains where dust storms blew away most of the topsoil.

Eighteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution that declared the production of alcohol illegal.

Ellis Island

Island in New York Bay; served as immigration station from 1892–1954.

Employment Practices Committee

Federal agency established in 1941 to curb racial discrimination in war production jobs.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women equal rights with men.

Espionage Act

Law used to stop dissent and criticism during World War I.

ethnic enclave

An urban area inhabited by members of the same ethnic group.

Executive Order 8802

An executive order issued by Roosevelt in 1941 to provide equitable participation of all workers.

Executive Order 9066

An executive order issued by Roosevelt in 1942 leading to the exclusion of people of Japanese heritage.

executive privilege

The right of the president to keep White House deliberations confidential.

exoduster

African American settler who claimed land in the West after the Civil War.

Family and Medical Leave Act

The law guaranteeing up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family medical emergencies.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

Federal agency created to coordinate the diverse federal agencies needed in disasters.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

An agency assisting lower income home buyers and created in 1934.

fireside chats

Radio addresses to the nation featuring President Roosevelt.

first one hundred days

The first 100 days of the Roosevelt administration, marked by significant legislation.

Four Freedoms

Freedoms announced by Roosevelt in December 1940 that became a rallying point.

Fourteen Points

The proposed points outlining peace offered by Woodrow Wilson in 1918.

free trade

Trade based on unrestricted international exchange of goods.

Gentlemen's Agreement

A 1907 diplomatic agreement between Japan and the United States curtailing Japanese immigration.

Ghost Dance

A religious awakening among the Lakota Sioux in 1890 believed to drive whites from their land.

GI Bill of Rights

Legislation that eased the return of veterans into American society by providing educational benefits.

Gilded Age

Term applied to America in the late 1800s referring to the display and worship of wealth.

glasnost

Russian for “openness,” encouraging new ideas in the Soviet Union.

Glass–Steagall Act

An act creating the FDIC for bank account insurance and limiting risky investments.

Goals 2000

Legislation that set tough new goals to improve the quality of American schooling.

gold rush

A rush to newly discovered goldfields.

gold standard

A monetary standard where the basic currency unit is defined by a stated quantity of gold.

Good Friday Accords

A 1998 peace agreement to bring a peaceful settlement to violence in Northern Ireland.

Google

A technology company that began with a search engine and expanded into hardware and software.

Grant’s Peace Policy

An effort by President Grant to end Plains Indian Wars through reservations.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North.

Great Society

The name for Lyndon Johnson's domestic program including federal aid to education.

Great White Fleet

A U.S. Navy fleet sent around the world to show American strength and promote goodwill.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Legislation passed in 1964 allowing the U.S. to use force in Vietnam.

Harlem Renaissance

A new African American cultural awareness that flourished in literature and art in the 1920s.

health care reform

The top priority of the Obama administration to provide universal health care.