AP World Period 2 -- Fiveable

2024-2025, 1450-1750

the scientific revolution and enlightment challenged and sparked what

traditional beliefs and sparked new ideas

Protestant Reformation split and caused what

split Western Christianity and led to religious conflicts

Protestant Reformation initiated what war

Thirty Years’ War

this period is marked by significant what

global connections and interactions

expansion of what empires led to increased trade, cultural exchange, and conflict

Ottoman, Mughal, Qing

Christopher Columbus greatly influenced what exploration and colonization

European exploration and colonization of the Americas began during this period (Christopher Columbus)

Transatlantic slave trade emerged as a major economic system connecting which areas

Transatlantic slave trade emerged as a major economic system connecting Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Gunpowder empires rose to power where

Eurasia (Safavid, Mughal, Ottoman)

what is the Columbian Exchange

globalization of trade networks connected distant regions and facilitated exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases

Ottoman Empire expanded where

into Eastern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (image)

who did Ottoman Empire conquer in Europe

conquered Constantinople

When did the ottoman empire conquered Constantinople

1453

When the ottoman empire conquered Constantinople, it marked the end of

marked the end of the Byzantine Empire

which ruler ruled during the ottoman’s peak

Suleiman the Magnificent's reign saw the empire reach its peak

when did Suleiman the Magnificent's reign

1520-1566

who established/founder of Mughal Empire in India

Babur

when did Babur establish Mughal Empire

1526

where is Mughal Empire

India

name two rulers of the Mughal empire

Akbar the Great
Aurangzeb

When did Akbar the Great regin

1556-1605

when did Aurangzeb regin

1658-1707

what did Akbar the Great do during his regin. also what did Akbar think about religion tolerance

expanded the empire and promited relgious tolerance

Aurangzeb main impact

expanded the empire to its greatest extent but faced challenges

Qing Dynasty replaced which Dynasty in China

Qing replaced Ming

When did Qing dynasty replace Ming Dynasty

1644

name two rulers of the Qing Dynasty

Kangxi Emperor, Qianlong Emperor

when did Kangxi Emperor regin

1661-1722

Kangxi greatest impact on Qing Dynasty

consolidated (make (something) physically stronger or more solid) Qing control over china // made sure Qing Dynasty (so the emperor) had strong and complete control over all of China

when did Qianlong regin

1735-1796

Qianlong emperor impact

expanded the empire to its greatest extent

under what ruler did the Russian empire emerged as a major power

under Peter the Great

when did Peter the Great reign

1682-1725

where did Peter the Great expand to

expanded Russian territory and influence westward

how did Peter the Great restructure the Russian Empire

modernized Russian society and government

Peter the Great restricted the Russian Empire based on what models

based on Western European models

which two established colonies in the Americas

Spanish and Protuguese

where did Spanish conquer

Aztec and Inca empires

who was the leader that conquered the Azetec

Hernan Cortes

who was the leader that conquered the Inca empires

Francisco Pizarro

Portugal establish what with Brazil

Portugal established a trading empire in Brazil

when Portugal established a trading empire in Brazil, where was it

along the African coast

where did Silk Roads connect to

Europe, the Middle East, and Asia

Indian Ocean trade network expanded connecting where

East Africa, the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia

which region was an important trading center along the east african coast

Swahili city-states emerged as important trading centers along the East African coast

what is an entrepôt

a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution

what was the name of the major entrepôt in Southeast Asia

Malacca

Transatlantic trade connected where

Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Triangular trade was part of which trading system

part of Transatlantic trade

what were some goods traded in the Triangular trade

exchanging European manufactured goods, African slaves, and American raw materials

what was a major component of the global economy

slave trade

Columbian Exchange introduced what

new crops, animals, and diseases

Columbian Exchange introduced new crops, animals, and diseases between where

between the Old World and New World

where is the Old World

Europe, Africa, Asia

where is the New World

the Americas

what impact did maize, potatoes, tomatoes have on the world

transformed agriculture and diets worldwide

examples of diseases that devastated native population in the Americas

smallpox, measles

examples of European-joint stock companies

Dutch East India Company, British East India Company

what did European joint-stock companies establish

global trading networks

Gunpowder technology spread from ? to ? and the ? world

Gunpowder technology spread from China to Europe and the Islamic world

what were the main firearms from gunpowder empires

Cannons and firearms revolutionized warfare and contributed to the rise of gunpowder empires

printing press invented by who

Johannes Gutenberg

when was the printing press invented

around 1450

what did the printing press facilitate

spread of knowledge, ideas, and religious beliefs

what two events had a major impact from the printing press

Protestant Reformation and contributed to the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

what two inventions improved maritime navigation

magnetic compass and astrolabe

magnetic compass and astrolabe enabled what across the world

enabled longer voyages and exploration of new trade routes

what were the two types of ships that were use for ocean voyages

caravel and galleon ships

caravel and galleon ships were designed for what

for long-distance ocean voyages

describe caravels and the major person that used them

caravels were small, maneuverable ships used for exploration (Christopher Columbus)

describe galleons and purposes

larger, armed ships used for trade and warfare

what two other inventions improved ship maneuverability and control

lateen sails and sternpost rudder

name the three Islamic empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

islamic empires fostered what

cultural and intellectual exchanges

what was the name of the Ottoman empire’s major religion tolerant system

Millet system

describe Millet system

allowed for religious diversity and cultural autonomy

which mughal empire ruler promoted religious tolerance

Mughal Empire's Akbar promoted religious tolerance and cultural synthesis (Din-i Ilahi)

Protestant Reformation challenged what

the authority of the Catholic Church

who criticized Catholic Church (how much) practices and doctrines

Martin Luther challenged by using printing press; challenged 95 of the practices and doctrines

what did John Calvin’s teachings emphasized

predestination and the sovereignty of god

what Reformation sought to reform the Church and combat Protestantism

Catholic Counter-Reformation sought to reform the Church and combat Protestantism

who clarified Church doctrines and practices

Council of Trent // The Council of Trent was a big meeting where church leaders made clear what the Catholic Church believes and how it should do things, fixing mistakes and making rules to follow.

who established missions and school to spread Catholicism worldwide

Jesuits

Syncretism blended what

indigenous and foreign religious beliefs and practices

what is Vodun

Vodun in West Africa combined African traditional religions with Christianity

what is Sikhism

Sikhism in India blended elements of Hinduism and Islam

Scientific Revolution challenged and promoted what

Scientific Revolution challenged traditional beliefs and promoted empirical observation and experimentation

what model challenged Ptolemaic geocentric view of the universe

Copernican heliocentric

Issac Newton influence

laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a mathematical framework for understanding the natural world

what did Enlightment promote

reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority

John Locke’s ideas

natural rights and government by consent influenced political revolutions

Montesquieu’s impacts

separation of powers and checks and balances influenced the US constitution

what kind of empires emerged from Europe

absolute monarchies (when one person, like a king or queen, has all the power to make decisions for the country. They don’t need to ask anyone or follow any rules set by others. They are the boss of everything.)

examples of absolute monarchies that emerged in Europe

Louis XIV of France
Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725)
Ivan the Terrible from Russia (1547-1584)
Henry VIII of England (1509-1547)

power in Europe

centralized power and authority in the hands of the monarch

European society divided into what kind of social classes

European society divided into distinct social classes (nobility, clergy, commoners) // feudalism

feudalism hierarchy

king, nobles/barons, vassals/knights, peasants/serfs

Atlantic slave trade transformed societies in where

in Africa and the Americas

which African kingdoms were in the slave trade

African kingdoms (Kongo, Oyo) participated in and were disrupted by the slave trade

what did the Americas use slaves for

Plantation system in the Americas relied on enslaved African labor