ANATOMY LECTURE CH 4 TISSUES

things not on here: 6 special characteristics of epithelia,

epithelial tissue

• covers body’s organs or cavity

• occurs at the boundary between two different environments

• 6 functions; “Please Always Study During Finals Season”

covering and lining epithelium

• covers outer and inner surfaces of body organs

glandular epithelium

• forms most of the body’s glands

apical surface

• lines the open space of a cavity, tubule, gland, or hollow organs

  • microvilli (extensions of plasma membrane to maximize surface area for small molecules to enter/leave)

    • abundant in kidney tubules and small intestine

  • cilia (extension of apical surface membrane, moves on own)

basal lamina

• boundary between epithelium and connective tissue (bottom of cell layers)

• noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial and connective tissue (proteins secreted by epithelial cells)

• selective filter for molecules from capillaries —> epithelium

• scaffolding for regenerating epithelial tissue

• makes basement membrane with reticular layers (connective tissue)

avascular

• no blood vessels, epithelial cells instead gets nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissues

• only nerve endings, innervated

simple epithelia

• single layer of ________ cells

• each cell attached to basement membrane

stratified epithelia

• multiple layers of _________ cells

• cells on basal surface attached to basement membrane; apical surface border open space

• regenerates from basal layer (below)

• major role is protection

• named by apical layer shape

squamous cell

cuboidal cell

• left side of images

columnar cell

• right side of images

simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

stratified cuboidal epithelium

stratified columnar epithelium

transitional epithelium

endocrine gland

• internal secretion, travels through bloodstream to organs

• ductless

• use hormones released into extracellular space

exocrine gland

• secrete products onto body surfaces or cavities

• have ducts to carry products onto surfaces

• local, secretion near where released

• ex. mucus, sweat, oil, salivary, liver, pancreas, mammary

goblet cell

• unicellular exocrine gland

• shaped line wine glass

• scattered within epithelial lining of intestines and respiratory tubes (between columnal cells)

• produce mucin (glycoprotein), when dissolved in water it makes mucus to lubricate internal body surfaces

multicellular exocrine glands

• two parts: epithelium-walled duct and secretory unit

• 3 types based on secretory unit

  • tubular - intestinal/stomach glands

  • alveolar - sebaceous glands, mammary glands

  • tubuloalveolar - salivary glands

cell junctions

• 3 types

• bind epithelial cells to one another

tight junction

• close off intercellular space

• at apical regions

• so close some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused

desmosomes

• cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue

• scattered along touching sides of adjacent cells

• intermediate filaments anchor from opposite side of cell across cytoplasm

• plaque is inside cytoplasm

• linker glycoproteins joins cells

gap junctions

connective tissue

• tissue for support

• most diverse and abundant tissue

• made of 3 cell types: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

  • also adipose cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and mast cells

• does not produce plasma matrix of blood (plasma by blood cells)

extracellular matrix

• produced by cells of the connective tissue

• cushions and protects body structures

• composed of:

  • ground substance (gel like substance, attract water and hold tissue fluid, large molecules) consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

  • protein fibers (collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers)

fibroblasts

• cell of connective tissue

• in connective tissue proper

• secretes all 3 main types of protein fibers (collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers)

chondroblasts

• cell of connective tissue

• secrete matrix in cartilage

osteoblasts

• cell of connective tissue

• secrete matrix in bone

adipose cells

collagen fibers

• strongest protein fibers, resist tension

reticular fibers

• protein fibers, bundles of special type of cartilage

elastic fibers

• protein fibers, contain elastin, can recoil after stretching

connective tissue proper

• loose

  • areolar, adipose, and reticular

• dense

  • dense irregular, dense regular, elastic

areolar connective tissue

• connective —> proper —> loose

• aka connective loose tissue proper

adipose connective tissue

• connective —> proper —> loose

reticular connective tissue

• connective —> proper —> loose

connective