Genetic Diseases and Cancer Overview

These flashcards cover key genetic diseases, traits, and concepts related to cancer, including classifications and treatment options.

Dominant Trait

An observable allele that is expressed when at least one dominant allele is present (e.g., BB or Bb results in Brown Eyes).

Recessive Trait

An allele whose effects are hidden unless two copies (bb) are present (e.g., results in Blue Eyes).

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Autosomal Dominant

A genetic condition where one parent is affected, leading to a recurrence risk of 50% for each child.

Autosomal Recessive

A condition most commonly found when both parents are heterozygous carriers, resulting in a 25% risk of having an affected child.

Sex-Linked Disorders

Genetic conditions caused by mutations on sex chromosomes, often expressed in males due to having only one X chromosome.

Turner Syndrome

A condition in females characterized by having only one X chromosome, leading to underdeveloped ovaries, shorter stature, and other features.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A genetic condition in males with at least two X and one Y chromosome, associated with male appearance and potential female characteristics like breast development.

Benign Tumors

Slow-growing, encapsulated tumors that are not invasive, well-differentiated, and have a low mitotic index.

Malignant Tumors

Rapidly growing, invasive tumors that are poorly differentiated, have a high mitotic index, and can metastasize.

Cancer Treatment Options

Includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.

Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase cancer risk, including smoking, alcohol use, radiation exposure, certain viruses, genetics, chronic inflammation, and age.