physiology of circulation (4)

blood pressure

the measure of force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls

systolic pressure

the maximum value when the ventricle contract that forces the blood into the arteries

diastolic pressure

minimum value and when the ventricle relax the blood pressure in the arteries fall

mmHg

unit of the blood pressure

arterial pulse

alternating expansion and recoil of an artery as a result of a pressure wave of blood each left ventricle beat

pressure points

where pulse is easily palpated

pressure points

compression of this can stop bleeding

vital signs

good indicator of efficiency of circulatory system

vital signs

includes pulse blood pressure, body temperature, and respiratory rate

blood pressure

measure of the force blood exerts against blood vessel walls

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

what is the standard unit of measurement for blood pressure?

systolic pressure

what is the upper value on a blood pressure measurement?

diastolic pressure

what is the lower value on a blood pleasure measurement?

sphygmomanometer

device used to determine blood pressure?

korotkoff sounds

what is the sound that you will hear when you determine the blood pressure of a patient?

systolic pressure

what does the first korotkoff sound represent?

systolic pressure

pressure of arteries at peak of ventricular contraction, ventricles contraction blood is forced into the arteries, and the pressure reaches a maximum value

diastolic pressure

pressure of arteries at ventricular relaxation, ventricle relax, blood pressure in the arteries falls to a minimum value

poiseuille’s law

states that blood flows from the higher pressure site to the lower pressure site

poiseuille’s law

state that as the resistance increase, blood floe decreases; as the resistance decreases, blood flow increases

blood viscosity
vessel length
vessel diameter

what are the factors that affect resistance?

inversely proportional

relationship between the vessel diameter and resistance

inversely proportional

relationship between resistance and blood flow

arterioles and capillaries

where does the most rapid decline in blood pressure happen due to their small diameters?

compliance

related to the elasticity of the blood vessel

pulse pressure

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

stroke volume
vascular compliance

what are the two factors the affect the pulse pressure?

stroke volume

volume of the blood ejected by the heart per beat

directly proportional

relationship between the stroke volume and pulse pressure

vascular compliance

ability of a blood vessel wall to expand and contract passively with changes in pressure, elasticity

inversely proportional

relationship between the vascular compliance and pulse difference

mean articulate pressure

the adequate blood pressure that the body should maintain for blood to circulate

mean arterial pressure

equals to the cardiac output multiplied by the peripheral resistance

2 x diastolic pressure + systolic pressure / 3  (no application of gemdas)

formula for mean arterial pressure

70 mmHg

normal mean arterial pressure at birth

95 - 110 mmHg

normal mean arterial pressure for adolescence to middle age

local control
nervous system
hormonal control

what are the control of blood flow by tissues?

capillary exchange

nutrients from blood diffuse from capillaries to tissues, and waste products from tissues to capillaries

blood pressure
osmosis

what are the factors that influence the diffusion/capillary exchange?

near arteries

near here the fluid moves out of capillary due to blood pressure which is higher than osmosis

near veins

near here is less movement of fluid out of capillary

blood pressure

this influence of diffusion causes the fluid out of the capillary

osmosis

this influence of diffusions causes the fluid into capillary

net hydrostatic pressure

pressure of the blood

net osmotic pressure

pressure of the interstitial fluid

vasomotor tone

a state where the peripheral blood vessels are partially constricted

medulla oblongata

where is the vasomotor center located?

chemoreceptor reflexes

sensory receptors sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of blood

carotid bodies

found near the carotid sinus and aortic arch

carbon dioxide

most important gas that will activate chemoreceptor reflex

baroreceptor reflex
chemoreceptor reflex
central nervous system ischemic response

what are the short-term regulation of BP?

central nervous system ischemic response

results from high carbon dioxide or low pH levels in medulla and increcae peripheral resistance

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
vasopressin mechanism (ADH)
ANP

long term control