ITE

Information Technology (IT)

It encompasses the utilization, creation, and oversight of computer-based systems, software, and networks for the storage, processing, transmission, and retrieval of data.

Information and Communication Technology

• There is no universal definition for ______due to how broad it is, but it is usually agreed upon that it has more to do with communication than Information Technology does.

• is more inclusive of technologies that allows you to communicate with others and is a direct extension of IT.

• Education

• Research

• Entertainment

• Business

• Digital Forensics

Impact of ICT

Theodore Kacyznski (The Unabomber)

• Humans are biologically and psychologically maladapted to life in a technological society.

• The continued development of the technological system will inevitably lead to destruction of humanity

Abacus

Pre-Modern Computing

ENIAC & UNIVAC

First Generation Computers

Transistors & IBM

Second Generation Computers

Integrated Circuits & Mainframes

Third Generation Computers

• Supercomputers

• Mainframes

• Servers

• Personal Computers

• Embedded System

Types of Computers

• Central Processing Unit

• Motherboard

• Memory (RAM)

• Storage Drives (HDD/SSD)

• Power Supply Unit (PSU)

• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

• Input Devices

• Output Devices

• Storage Devices
  

Internal Components of a Computer

Central Processing Unit

The brain of the computer that performs calculations and executes instructions.

Motherboard

The main circuit board that connects all internal components and allow them to communicate.

Memory (RAM)

Temporary storage used by the CPU to store data that is being processed.

Storage Drives (HDD/SSD)

Devices that store data permanently.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Converts electrical power from an outlet into usable power for the computer's internal components.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

• Handles rendering of images, video, and animations. Essential for gaming, video editing, and graphic design.

• The _____ is also used for computing tasks beyond rendering images and videos e.g. mining cryptocurrencies.

Input Devices

• Allow users to input data into the computer.

• Examples include keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones.

• Output Devices

• Storage Devices

• Network Devices

Peripheral Devices

Output Devices

• Display or output data from the computer.

• Examples include monitors, printers, and speakers.

Storage Devices

• External devices for storing data.

• Examples include external hard drives, USB flash drives, and memory cards.

Network Devices

• Enable computers to connect to networks.

• Examples include modems, routers, and network adapters.

Computer Software

• refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work.

• It is the intangible component of a computer, as opposed to the physical hardware.

• Operating System (OS)

• Device Drives

• Utility Programs

System Software

• Productivity Software

• Media Players

• Web Browsers

• Graphics and Design Software

• Communication Software

• Games and Entertainment Software

Application Software

Productivity Software

• Tools that assist users in creating documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and other work-related tasks.

• Examples include Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google Workspace, and Adobe Acrobat.

Media Players

• Software for playing audio and video files.

• Examples include VLC Media Player, Windows Media Player, and iTunes.

Web Browsers

• Applications for accessing and navigating the internet.

• Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and Safari

Graphics and Design Software

• Tools for creating and editing images, videos, and animations.

• Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and Premiere Pro.

Communication Software

• Programs that facilitate communication through email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.

• Examples include Microsoft Outlook, WhatsApp, and Zoom

Games and Entertainment Software

Applications designed for entertainment, including video games and other interactive media

Internet

• is a worldwide network of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet Protocol (IP) suite to enable communication between networks and devices.

• is often described as a ”network of networks” because it connects private, public, academic, business, and government networks, ranging from local to global in scope.

• These connections are made possible through a variety of technologies, including electronic, wireless, and optical networking.

• Servers

• Browser

• IP Address (Internet Protocol)

• Internet Service Provider

Major Components of the Internet

• Application Server

• Web Server

• Proxy Server

• Mail Server

• File Server

• Policy Server

Types of Servers

Application Server

business logic, application program

Web Server

HTML pages, files, serve requests

Proxy Server

intermediary, endpoint device, user request

Mail Server

incoming e-mail, outgoing e-mail, delivery

5 File Server

central storage, data files, network access

Policy Server

security, policy-based network, authorization, tracking control

• National ISP

• Regional ISP

Types of ISP

World Wide Web

• commonly referred to as the Web, is an information system that allows users to access documents and other resources through Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

• These resources can be connected by hyperlinks and are accessible via the Internet.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Information on the Web is transferred using the _____

Web 1.0

• Small number of individuals created content for a broad audience.

• Allowed direct access to original sources of information.

• Simplified information discovery, prioritizing information seeker’s needs

• Referred to as the ”read-only Web

• Lacked forms, images, controls, and interactive features of the modern internet.

Web 2.0

• Extensive creation by many users.

• Interactive and participatory.

• Fosters interaction and participation.

• Referred to as the ”participatory social Web.

• Emphasizes users, communities, partnerships, discussions, and social media. Popularized through mobile internet access and apps like Tiktok, Twitter, and Youtube.

Web 3.0

• Emphasizes decentralization and openness.

• Enhanced user utility through decentralized platforms.

• Utilizes AI and ML for intelligent, autonomous internet functions. Functions as a ”global” by analyzing content conceptually and contextually.

• Referred to as the ”read, write, executre Web. Originally referred to as the Semantic Web by Tim Berners-Lee.

• Shift from centralized platforms (e.g. Facebook, Google, Twitter) to distributed and anonymous services.

• Cross Platforms

• Web Decentralized Structure

• Confidence in Blockchain Innovation

• The Rise of Cryptocurrency

Some of the component that are existing and are in use today

Communicating effectively online

is a crucial digital skill for both the workplace and university studies.

• Hyperautomation

• Multiexperience

• Democratization

• Human Augmentation

• Data Policing

• Machine Learning

• Robotic Process

• Blockchain

• Voice Search

• Analytics

Current Trends

HYPERAUTOMATION

• It is the integration of advanced technologies to automate tasks and processes beyond traditional automation.

• Combines technologies like AI, ML, RPA, and decision-making tools.

• Aims to automate as many business and IT processes as possible.

MULTIEXPERIENCE

• refers to the various overlapping modes of interaction and interfaces between a user and digital technology.

• It’s about creating a cohesive experience across web, mobile, wearable, conversational, immersive technologies, and more.

HUMAN AUGMENTATION

Enhancing human abilities through the use of technology. This can include physical, cognitive, and sensory enhancements.

DATA POLICING

• refers to the practices and regulations involved in monitoring, managing, and ensuring the responsible use of data.

• Crucial for protecting privacy, ensuring data security, and maintaining compliance with legal and ethical standards.

MACHINE LEARNING

• is a subfield of artificial intelligence that involves training algorithms on data sets to develop models.

• Often powers many of the digital goods and services we use every day

• Supervised learning

• Semi-supervised learning

• Unsupervised learning

• Reinforcement learning

Types of Machine Learning

ROBOTIC PROCESS

• It is a technology that uses software robots, or “bots,” to automate repetitive tasks typically performed by humans.

• can handle tasks such as data extraction, form filling, and file movement.

Blockchain

• A decentralized, distributed ledger technology that securely records transactions across a network of computers.

• Best known for their crucial role in cryptocurrency systems for maintaining a secure.

Non -Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

are digital assets that represent ownership of unique items like art, music, and videos.

Voice Search

• functionality works through the automatic speech recognition system (ASR) to transform voice signals into text.

• Speech recognition technology has made our lives even easier and shopping more effortless.

Analytics

It is the process of gathering and analyzing data from a range of digital sources. And when used correctly, it can help inform your marketing decisions.

CYBER/COMPUTER ETHICS

• It refers to the code of responsible behavior on the Internet.

• This includes social media etiquettes and communication etiquettes

• Ethical

• Respectful

• Responsible

NETIQUETTES

ETHICAL

It means we should share our information and expertise online without any copyright violations.

RESPECTFUL

It means we should respect other people’s privacy and the freedom or personal expression.

RESPONSIBLE

It means we should not indulge in any insulting, degrading or intimidating online behavior which is cyber bullying.

CYBER BULLYING

This happens when a person is harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened or tormented through the use of digital technology.

• Protecting personal information

• Being careful with online friendships

• Managing sensitive and confidential files

• Beware of fake news

SOCIAL MEDIA ETIQUETTES

• The importance of being precise

• Mindfulness during online meetings

• Politeness and digital behavior

• Building digital credibility

ONLINE MEDIA ETIQUETTES

CYBERCRIME

refers to illegal activities that involve targeting or utilizing computers, computer networks, or networked devices

• EMAIL AND INTERNET FRAUD

• IDENTITY FRAUD

• THEFT AND SALE OF CORPORATE DATA

• CYBEREXTORTION

• FINANCIAL THEFT OR CARD PAYMENT DATA

• RANSOMWARE ATTACKS

• CRYPTOJACKING

• CYBERESPIONAGE

• INFRINGING COPYRIGHT

• ILLEGAL GAMBLING

• SYSTEMS INTERFERENCE

• SELLING ILLEGAL ITEMS ONLINE

• SOLICITING, PRODUCING, OR POSSESSING CHILD PORNOGRAPHY

TYPES OF CYBERCRIME

• MALWARE ATTACKS

• PHISHING

• DISTRIBUTED DOS ATTACKS

EXAMPLES OF CYBERCRIME

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

use spinning disks

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

use flash memory

Domino’s Anyware

This platform enables customers to order pizza using various devices and interfaces, including smartwatches, voice assistants, and social media platforms.

BMW India’s Contactless Experience

This allows customers to explore and purchase vehicles through a fully digital and contactless process, integrating web, mobile, and augmented reality (AR) touchpoints

Democratization

The process of making advanced technologies accessible and usable by a broader, including those without specialized technical skill