Physics

As theta increases, the value of cosine…

decreases

Sin is greatest when theta is…

90 degrees

Cohesive forces

attractive forces between molecules of the same type

Adhesive forces

attractive forces between molecules of different types

incompressible

constant density that is independent of the pressure applied

laminar flow

smooth and easy

Venturi effect

inverse relationship between fluid velocity and pressure when the height remains constant

max pressure in the arteries

systolic pressure

min pressure in the arteries

diastolic pressure

pulse pressure

systolic - diastolic

mean arterial pressure

diastolic + pulse pressure / 3

direction of electric field

from positive to negatives

electrons move toward ? voltage

high

series

constant current; how ammeters are connected, which decrease the current and have near zero resistance

parallel

constant voltage; how voltmeters are connected, near infinite resistance

dielectric in capacitor

lower voltage and smaller electric field, but larger capacitance

RHR

velocity is index, magnetic field is middle, F is thumb (DONT forget to switch result for electrons)

mechanical waves

when oscillations disturb a medium

transverse waves

particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of the wave

speed of mechanical waves in different mediums

fastest in solids, then liquids, then gases

wave speed depends on

the medium, NOT the frequency or wavelength

sound is a ? wave

longitudinal

compression

high pressure

rarefaction

low pressure

low frequency

low pitch

high frequency

high pitch

loudness depends on ?

amplitude; logarithmic scale

resonance

wave frequency matches natural frequency of medium

node

zero wave amplitude

antinode

largest amplitude

deeper voice

longer and thicker vocal chords

shock wave lithotripsy

used to remove kidney stones

light structure of fields

electric field, magnetic field, and direction of propagation are all perpendicular to each other

photons with a given frequency have the same ?

energy

absorption

atom absorbs energy from incident light (excitation)

emission

atom emits a photon with a specific energy

photoelectric effect

photon collisions cause electrons to be completely ejected

reflection

incident light at an interface at two media returns backward

refraction

light ray passes through a media interface and changes direction

total internal reflection

light from higher index of refraction sees lower index of refraction

dispersion

speed of light in a medium depends on wavelength (or frequency)

polarization

oscillation of transverse waves are aligned in a given direction

diffraction

bending of lights around edges due to interference (dispersed propagation)

plane mirror

virtual image behind mirror, but actual object is in front of mirror; same orientation and size, but right to left reversed

concave mirror

focal point is where reflected rays converge; when object is outside the focal length, makes a real image in front of the mirror

convex mirror

parallel light rays diverge away from focal point F, focal point is behind mirror, when object is outside the focal length, makes a virtual image behind the mirror

convex lens

converging, focal point on both sides of the lens, real, inverted image

concave lens

diverging, focal point of both sides of the lens, virtual, upright image

what type of lens is the eye

converging lens

nearsightedness

myopia, lens causes the light to bend too much forming the image in front of the retina, close objects are clear but far objects are blurry; corrected with diverging lens

farsightedness

hyperopia, image is too far back, distant objects are clear and close objects are blurry, corrected with converging lens

negative strength is what type of lens

diverging

open system

exchange heat and matter

closed system

exchanged heat

isolated system

no exchange

state functions

pressure, volume, temperature, enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, Helmholtz free energy

process functions

heat, work

adiabatic process

no heat transfer; pressure, temp, and volume don’t change

isobaric process

constant pressure; volume and temp can change

isochoric process

constant volume; pressure and temp can change

isothermal process

constant temp; pressure and volume can change

first law of thermodynamics

the change in internal energy is equal to the difference between the amount of heat transferred to a system and the net work done by the system on the surroundings

second law of thermodynamics

heat is spontaneously transferred from a system of higher temperature to a system of lower temp

macrostate

temp, pressure, and volume

microstate

number of ways molecules in room can be arranged to produce the macrostate

conduction

heat transfer by direct contact

convection

heat transfer by motion of fluids

low entropy

few microstates

high entropy

many microstates

ideal gas

no attractive or repulsive interactions, relatively negligible molecular volume, elastic collisions, kinetic energy increases with higher temperature, pressure produced by combined force of collisions

nonspontaneous

positive delta G, positive delta H, negative delta S

spontaneous

negative delta G, negative delta H, positive delta S

exothermic

negative delta H, heat is released

endothermic

heat is absorbed, positive delta H