Ch 12: Infections of the Skin and Reproductive Systems

What is the common or medical name for herpes 1 and 2?

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

What sub-family is the Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) apart of?

Alpha

What sub-family is the Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) apart of?

Alpha 

Which 2 Herpes viruses do exist, but do not cause disease?

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)

Viruses that are part of the alpha subfamily are latent in…

Sensory neurons

Viruses that are part of the alpha sub-family can hide in the ___________ after you get infected:

Sensory nerve cells

Alpha viruses are fast, aggressive and retreats into ________ to hide:

Nerves

Viruses that are part of the beta subfamily are latent in…

White blood cells 

Beta viruses replicate ________, often without causing noticeable illness, but can cause serious problems if your immune system is weak:

Slowly

Beta viruses are slow-moving, and hide in your body’s _______ cells:

Defense

Viruses that are part of the Gamma subfamily are latent in…

Lymphocytes

Viruses that are part of the gamma sub-family can sometimes lead to ________ or immune system issues:

Cancer

Gamma viruses are sneaky, and hide in the __________, often causing longer term problems.

Immune System

What are the infecting agents for Herpes 1 or 2?

HSV-1 or HSV-2

Which herpes virus is more common? Most adults already carry it*

HSV-1

What is a primary infection?

The first time your body encounters the virus

What is caused by HSV-1 or HSV-2 in a primary infection?

An oral or genital infection

HSV-1 usually infects what during a primary infection?

The mouth/lips (oral herpes)

HSV-2 usually infects what during a primary infection?

The genitals (genital herpes)

Can HSV-1 and HSV-2 infect both oral and genital sites?

Yes, either type can infect either site depending on how you’re exposed.

Give an example of how HSV-1 can infect the genitals:

Through oral sex with someone who has oral HSV-1

What is a recurrent infection?

When after the first infection, the virus reactivates after being dormant in nerve cells

Where do HSV-1 infections most often recur? (second time)

Above the waist (oral area)

Where do HSV-2 infections most often recur? (second time)

Below the waist (genital area)

List skin-related diseases caused by HSV:

Genital herpes, cold sores (herpes labialis), herpes whitlow, herpes gladiatorum, eczema herpeticum

What is herpes whitlow?

HSV infection of the fingers

What is genital herpes:

Painful blisters or ulcers in the genital area

What is herpes labialis?

Cold sores- blisters on the lips or around the mouth

What is herpes gladiatorum?

HSV infection on the skin, often seen in athletes (like wrestlers where outfit does not cover)

What is eczema herpeticum?

Widespread HSV infection on damaged skin, especially in people with eczema

HSV often causes diseases on the ________ and in the _______________:

Skin and central nervous system

List central nervous system diseases caused by HSV:

Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, Bell’s palsy

What is Encephalitis and which HSV type most commonly causes it?

Inflammation of the brain, often caused by HSV-1

What is meningitis and which HSV type most commonly causes it?

Inflammation of the membranes around the brain/spinal cord, Often caused by HSV-2

What is one of the leading causes of viral meningitis?

Herpes simplex virus

What is Bell’s palsy and how is it linked to HSV?

Temporary facial paralysis sometimes linked to HSV reactivation in facial nerves

How does symptomatology vary with HSV infection?

It varies depending on the tissue that is infected 

If the skin is affected by HSV, what symptoms might occur?

Blisters and cold sores

If the nerves are affected by HSV, what symptoms might occur?

Pain, tingling, and numbness

If the brain is affected by HSV, what symptoms might occur?

Confusion, seizures, fever

How is HSV transmitted?

Direct contact (with or without symptoms)

What are some common modes of HSV transmission?

Kissing, oral contact, sexual contact, perinatal transmission, touching sores or contaminated surfaces

Chain-terminating guanosine analogues are viral drugs that stop…

DNA replication

Do antivirals cure herpes?

No, they only reduce symptoms, outbreak frequency, and transmission risk

What virus causes both chickenpox and shingles?

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

What sub-family is the Varicella zoster virus apart of?

Alpha

What is the primary infection caused by VZV?

Chicken pox

What is the recurrent infection caused by VZV?

Shingles

When is the better time to get chicken pox?

As a kid

Shingles follow a _________ pattern, meaning it appears along the area of skin served by one nerve root.

Dermatomal

Shingles is _________ meaning it only affects one side of the body.

Unilateral

How is VZV transmitted?

Through direct contact or by aerosol 

Why does chickenpox spread so slowly?

Because it moves from cell to cell

If someone around has chicken pox, you are breathing in the air of their…

Open sores

What is the common or medical name for chicken pox and singles?

Varicella- Zoster Virus

What is the common or medical name for the virus that causes mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

What sub-family does Epstein-Barr virus belong to?

Gamma

What is the infecting agent that causes Mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

What disease does Epstein-Barr Virus cause?

Mononucleosis ("Mono")

What is another name for Mononucleosis and why is it called that?

“The Kissing Disease” — it spreads through saliva

How is Epstein-Barr Virus transmitted?

Through saliva, and sometimes by sharing drinks, utensils, or anything that transfers saliva

What is pharyngitis?

Sore Throat

What is cervical lymphadenopathy?

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck

What is the treatment for mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus?

There is no treatment 

Which two viruses cause mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus

What percentage of Mononucleosis cases are caused by Epstein-Barr Virus?

About 90%

What percentage of Mononucleosis cases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

About 10%

What is cytomegalovirus?

Another herpes virus (HHV-5) that behaves somewhat similarly to EBV

How common is Epstein-Barr Virus infection in adults in the U.S.?

Nearly 100% of adults have been infected, usually in childhood or adolescence

How common is cytomegalovirus infection in adults?

Around 80-90% of adults have been infected.

Why do most people not get sick from EBV infection?

Most infections happen early in life when the immune system is still developing, and the virus remains dormant in lymphocytes

What is the infecting agent that causes Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

What type of sub-family does Kaposi’s sarcoma belong to?

Gamma

What type of disease does HHV-8 cause?

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

What is Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A cancer of blood vessel–forming cells

How is Kaposi’s sarcoma transmitted?

Contact (mainly through saliva)

If a person has a history of AIDS or has had AIDS previously, they are more likely to be infected by…

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Who is most likely to develop Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

People with very weak immune systems, especially those with AIDS

Kaposi’s Sarcoma is very rare in people with…

Healthy Immune systems 

If a person has “wine-colored” plaques on the skin, mouth, or other body areas, they most likely have…

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

What is the treatment for Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) to manage AIDS and restore immune function — lesions often shrink or disappear with treatment.

What antiviral drug mimics Guanosine?

 Acyclovir

What is a prodrug?

An inactive form of a drug that becomes active after the liver metabolizes it

How does Valacyclovir work once inside the body?

The liver converts Valacyclovir into Acyclovir, the active drug.

What’s the difference between Acyclovir and Valacyclovir?

Valacyclovir is more expensive but absorbed better (1–2 pills/day); Acyclovir is cheaper but must be taken more often (4–5 pills/day)

Which viruses can Acyclovir (zovirax) and Valacyclovir (valtrex) treat?

HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV

Which viruses can Famciclovir (Famvir) and Penciclovir (Denavir) treat?

HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV

Which viruses can Valganciclovir (Valcyte) and Ganciclovir (Cytovene) treat?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Prodrug: Valacyclovir (Valtrex) > Drug: ____________

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

Prodrug: Famciclovir (Famvir) > Drug: ____________

Penciclovir (Denavir)

Prodrug: Valganciclovir (Valcyte) > Drug: ____________

Ganciclovir (cytovene)

All of these viruses are ______ viruses; which means they can…

DNA; remain latent in the body or become permanent 

If a patient presents with itchiness, what disease might they have?

Chicken pox

If a patient presents with red, disseminated (spread out) lesions, what disease might they have?

Chicken pox

If a patient presents with painful, vesicular lesions, what disease might they have?

Shingles

If a patient presents with fatigue, what disease might they have?

Mononucleosis

If a patient presents with fever, what disease might they have?

Mononucleosis

If a patient presents with pharyngitis, what disease might they have?

Mononucleos

If a patient presents with cervical lymphadenopathy, what disease might they have?

Mononucleosis

If a patient presents with wine colored plaques, what disease might they have?

Kaposi’s sarcoma