Microbio Lab Midterm Review

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

contains details of the hazards associated with a chemical, and gives information on its safe use

act quickly and help pat down person on fire, then guide them to nearest fire safety station

what do you do in case of a fire?

Sterility

The absence of all living microorganisms, spores and viruses

Asepsis

The prevention or reduction of the probability of contamination by micro-organisms. A lack of growing microorganisms

sepsis

The presence and growth of pathogens within a living system, typically tissue such as blood

cidals

A process or material that kills living things.

Statics

A process or material that harms but does not kill living things

Fimbriae

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

Adhesin proteins

proteins used for attachment to different surfaces

Fomites

nonliving surfaces

Surfactants

the ability to change the shape of other select molecules

Antimicrobial

An agent or action that will kill or inhibit microorganisms

Antiseptic

An agent or action typically designed to be used on living tissue that rarely kills but does inhibit the growth of micro-organisms but has no effect on "spores"

Autoclave

A device which uses live steam (typically at 121 ºC or higher)or toxic gas to destroy both microbes and the spores created by manymicrobes. Theoretically results in a complete absence of living organisms

Bacteriocide

An agent, usually a chemical, that kills bacteria

Bacteriostat/ Bacteriostatic

An agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria, but does not necessarily kill bacteria

Commensal(s)

Typically non-pathogenic micro-organisms that live and reproduce on or in humans and animals normally not affecting the host directly

Contamination

The introduction of or inoculation with undesired microorganisms of sterile areas and or materials.

Disinfectant

An agent that will kill or remove microorganisms but will not necessarily destroy spores

Nosocomial

refers to contamination by pathogenic or nonpathogenic microorganisms in a clinical or hospital setting. Usually results from failure to observe Aseptic Technique in those settings

Pasteurization

A process that uses very high temperatures (water or steam) for very brief period of time to kill many microorganisms while inhibiting the remainder

Pathogenic/Pathogen

Refers to a microorganism capable of or prone to causing a disease state

Sanitation

A process that reduces microbial populations to low or acceptable numbers.

Sterile

The absence of all living microorganisms, spores and viruses.

Sterile Field

An area wherein microorganisms have been killed or removed with a reasonable degree of certainty, usually for a specified period of time

Aseptic Field

An area wherein microorganisms have been sufficiently inhibited such that they present a manageable or negligible risk

Sterilization

The process by which complete destruction or removal of all living microorganisms including spores and viruses is accomplished

Subculture

The process of transferring a specimen from one growth chamber to another for the purpose of continued cultivation or analysis.

to limit the probability of infection or contamination as much as possible

what are the goals of hand washing?

hand-washing, gloves, 70% ethanol or isopropyl alcohol, bunsen burner

the methods and instruments used in this lab to practice the aseptic technique: disinfectant

used to sterilize inoculating loops and needles

the methods and instruments used in this lab to practice the aseptic technique: Use of flame

used to transfer specimens in an antiseptic and safe way

the methods and instruments used in this lab to practice the aseptic technique: Inoculating Loop/needle

Ubiquity

the state of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once)

Microbial Competition

The interaction between microorganisms as they compete for limited resources.

Mutualism

Both the host organism and the microorganism benefits from the interaction

Commensalism

Microorganism will benefit and prosper from living in or on the host. The host is not always advantaged or disadvantaged by this

Parasitism

Only the microorganism benefits at the cost of the host organism, which is usually harmed to some degree by the interaction

lower, acidic

Staphylococcus species will _________ the pH of the skin to _________ levels

oral cavity

where would you expect to find Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus growing in or on a healthy person?

hair follicles and sweat glands

Propionobacterium acnes are bacteria that live within the

skin; nostrils; nasal cavity

Staphylococcus spp such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningiditis grow over most of the area of the ___________ but especially in and around the ____________ and within the______________ in the case of Staph

lower respiratory tract

The WHAT is normally not colonized by microorganisms

pharynx

where do Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza reside?

stomach

this organ is not usually colonized by microorganisms but where does Helicobacter pylori reside?

intestinal tract

where does Enterobacteracieae reside?

Genitourinary tract

where does Lactobacillus acidophilus reside?

Eyepiece or Ocular Lenses

Final magnification of specimen image

Interpupillary Distance Scale/Adjustment

Adjust the ocular lenses to match the distance between the observer's pupils. Necessary to see image in 3D

Observation Tube Clamping Screw

Used to enable the Head of the microscope to rotate

Arm

Main body of the microscope that connects the head of the scope to the base. One of two carry points for the microscope

Revolving Nosepiece

Also known as Turret, mounting point for the objective lenses, allows observer to change magnification

Objective Lenses

Provides for the initial magnification of specimen image. Each is color coded and marked with magnification power

Mechanical Stage

platform upon which the specimen slide is moved in two dimensions to scan the slide and a third dimension to focus

Specimen Holder

also known as Slide Clip, holds microscope slide in position so that it can be moved precisely

Coarse Adjustment Knob

makes large and fast vertical movements of the stage to rapidly change focus. Is only used when viewing with the scanning or low power objective lens

Fine Adjustment Knob

makes small and slow vertical movements of the stage to slowly and precisely change focus

Specimen Manipulation Controls

moves the slide clip in two dimensions so that observer can view different areas of the slide without changes focus

Base

Main body of the microscope, contains light source and its controls; second of two carry points for the microscope

Arm Rests

textured areas used to steady hands when manipulating microscope controls

Power Switch

Control that turns power to the microscope light source on and off

Voltage Control Dial

controls the amount of power going to the light source, varying its intensity in large increments; numbered 1 to 10

Power Cord

supplies electricity to the microscope

Condenser Clamping Screw

Holds the condenser in place

Aperture Iris Diaphragm Lever

Adjust intensity of image in precise increments; left increases intensity, right decreases intensity

Filter Holder

used to mount colored filters for specialized viewing procedures

Condenser

a lens assembly that focuses all the light directly on the image; required to view images on a bacterial scale

Pre-Focusing Lever

Locks the Coarse Focus Knobs in position so that observer can't use them when viewing with other than the scanning objective; Down unlocks these knobs

Fuse Holder

location of fuse for light source

Power Cord Receptacle

socket into which the power cord plugs in

Condenser Height Adjustment Knob

raises and lowers the condenser for specialized viewing procedures, normally condenser is in the full up position

Filter Mount

additional mounting point for colored filters used in specialized viewing procedures

multiplying the objective lens power X the ocular lens power

how to calculate total magnification

cloudy

what does turbidity mean/look like in a broth

sediment/grain at bottom of broth

what does Sedimentation mean/look like in a broth

sediment/grain at top of broth

what does Pellicle mean/look like in a broth

grain/spots throughout broth

what does Flocculant growth mean/look like in a broth

puntiform, circular, rhizoid, spindle, irregular, filamentous, concentric

what does Colony shape or form mean/look like in agar

flat, raised, ingrowing, crateriform, convex, pulvinative, umbonate, hilly

what does elevation mean/look like in agar

Butyerous, Dull, Friable

what does texture mean/look like in agar

The margin of a colony is the actual edge ofthe colony, the point where bacteria stopgrowing.

what does margin mean/look like in agar

color of colony on agar

what does Pigmentation mean/look like in agar

NH2-CHR-COOH

general formula for amino acids

by forming peptide bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the next amino acid

how do amino acids link to form proteins

shape determines function

the role of SHAPE in the function of proteins

heat denatures proteins

how does temperature changes affect proteins

due to evolutionary adaptations in their amino acid sequences, which allow them to maintain their folded structure and function even under extreme temperatures

why do some proteins function at high temperature or low temperature

acidophiles

grow at extreme acid pH

Neutrophiles

grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH; pH 5.5-8.5

Alkalophiles

grow at pH above 8.5

hypotonic

a microorganism that lives in an environment where the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than inside the cell

Hypertonic

a microorganism that is placed in an environment with a higher concentration of solute outside the cell

Halophiles

"salt-loving" microbes that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

lysis

the process of breaking down a cell's membrane.

Crenelation

the process by which a cell shrinks and develops a scalloped or notched surface due to water loss through osmosis

Isotonic

a solution that has the same solute concentration as the cell cytoplasm

Halotolerant

can survive at higher salt concentrations but grow best at low or zero concentations

many bacteria require significant amounts of atmospheric oxygen for basic metabolism. some species cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen, others tolerate the presence of oxygen and might use it, but do not always require it.

what role does oxygen plays in cells

some microbes lack the necessary enzymes to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced when oxygen is present, leading to damage to their cellular components and ultimate death

How is oxygen harmful?

oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain which leads to the production of ATP

how is oxygen helpful?

superoxide dismutase and catalase

How do cells deal with the harmful effects of superoxides?