lecture 2

Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position

The standard body position used as a reference for directional terms, where a person stands erect with palms forward and feet parallel.

Directional Terms

Terms used to describe the location of body parts in relation to each other, such as medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.

Body Planes

Divisions of the body into sections, including coronal (front and back), sagittal (left and right), and horizontal (top and bottom).

Human Skeleton

It provides support, movement and mineral storage, is composed of 206 bones, and accounts for 18% of body weight,

Osteogenic Cells

Bone stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts, essential for bone formation.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete collagen and other components of the bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone metabolism and nutrient exchange.

Osteoclasts

Large cells that break down bone tissue, playing a crucial role in bone remodeling.

Compact Bone

Dense bone type that forms the outer layer of bones, providing strength and structure.

Spongy Bone

Lighter bone type found inside bones, consisting of trabeculae and containing bone marrow.

Haversian Canal

Central channel in compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Trabeculae

Thin columns of bone in spongy bone that provide structural support and house marrow.

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

Cartilage layer in long bones that allows for growth in length during childhood.

Periosteum

Membrane surrounding bones, providing protection and serving as an attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Synovial Joints

Joints that allow for a wide range of movement

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between bones and surrounding structures.

Fracture

A break in a bone, which can be classified as complete or incomplete, open or closed.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone density, leading to increased fracture risk.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease caused by wear and tear on cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune condition causing inflammation of the synovium, affecting joints and potentially other organs.