General Biology 1: Introduction, Cell Theory, and Specialization

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the definition of biology, its branches, the history of cell theory, cell types, organelles, and human cell specialization.

The word 'biology' comes from the Greek word __________, which means life.

bios

The Greek word __________ means study or discourse.

logos

The scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, and classification, is known as __________.

Botany

The branch of biology focusing on animals and their behavior, anatomy, and physiology is __________.

Zoology

__________ is the study of internal and external structures of organisms, often divided into gross and microscopic categories.

Anatomy

The science of how living organisms function, such as respiration and circulation, is called __________.

Physiology

The study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation in living organisms is known as __________.

Genetics

The study of the structure and function of cells is called __________.

Cytology

The science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics is __________.

Taxonomy

The study of how an individual’s genetic makeup affects their response to drugs is called __________.

Pharmacogenomics

__________ is the use of computational tools and techniques to analyze biological data such as DNA and protein sequences.

Bioinformatics

In the year $,$, Robert Hooke coined the term 'cell' while observing cork under a compound microscope.

$$1665$$

__________ was the first to observe living cells, which he called 'animalcules,' using a simple microscope.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells in the year $,$.

$$1838$$

The German physiologist who determined that all animals are composed of cells was __________.

Theodor Schwann

The German physician Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells in $,$.

$$1858$$

__________ cells are simple cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic cells evolved approximately $,$ billion years ago.

$$3.5$$

Eukaryotic cells evolved approximately $,$ billion years ago.

$$1.8$$

The cell membrane structure is described by the __________ Model, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

Fluid Mosaic

The hydrophilic part of a phospholipid is the __________.

Head

The __________ tails of a phospholipid are hydrophobic.

Nonpolar

Plant and algae cell walls are composed primarily of __________.

Cellulose

The cell walls of fungi are made of __________.

Chitin

The cell walls of bacteria are made of __________.

Peptidoglycan

The __________ is the 'control center' of the cell that contains chromosomes.

Nucleus

Organelles called __________ are the site of photosynthesis and are found only in plant cells.

Chloroplasts

The __________ is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell where cellular respiration occurs.

Mitochondria

The __________ Endoplasmic Reticulum is specialized for the synthesis and packing of proteins.

Rough

Organelles that have digestive enzymes to break down food and are only found in animal cells are __________.

Lysosomes

__________ are cells that carry oxygen using a protein called hemoglobin.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Bone cells that build new bone tissue are called __________.

Osteoblasts

Gland cells that secrete substances through ducts are called __________ gland cells.

Exocrine

__________ muscle cells are voluntary and consist of long, multinucleated fibers.

Skeletal

__________ muscle cells are found in the heart and are branched with intercalated discs.

Cardiac

The __________ of a neuron is the part that sends electrical signals.

Axon