AP World History Unit 9 Flashcards

Communication

The transmission of information through various mediums, evolving significantly with technologies like radio and the internet since the 1900s.

Radio

An early communication technology that broadcasts audio content to reach large audiences, gaining popularity in the early 20th century.

Internet

A global network facilitating information exchange, first developed for military use and became widely accessible by the late 1990s.

Green Revolution

A period of agricultural innovation starting in the mid-20th century aimed at increasing food production through new farming techniques and crop varieties.

Crossbreeding

A traditional method of breeding plants by combining different varieties to improve traits such as yield and resistance.

Genetic engineering

A modern technique manipulating an organism's genes to create desired characteristics, raising ecological concerns.

Shipping containers

Standardized large boxes for transporting goods, enhancing global trade efficiency from the late 20th century.

Antibiotic

A type of medication developed to combat bacterial infections, first discovered in the late 1920s by Alexander Fleming.

Birth control

Medical methods to prevent pregnancy, significantly impacting fertility rates and social dynamics from the 1960s onward.

Fertility rates

The average number of children born per woman, which declined globally due to improved birth control options.

Vaccine

A biological preparation that stimulates immunity against diseases, crucial in public health since widespread use began in the 20th century

pandemic

A global outbreak affecting large populations, often from a particular infectious disease.

smallpox

A severe viral disease that caused high mortality rates and was eliminated through vaccination.

malaria

A parasitic illness transmitted by mosquitoes, largely affecting tropical regions.

Doctors Without Borders

An international NGO providing medical care in crisis-affected areas.

tuberculosis

A bacterial infection affecting the lungs, spread through airborne particles.

cholera

A bacterial disease transmitted through contaminated water, leading to severe dehydration.

Jonas Salk

An American researcher who developed an effective polio vaccine in 1955.

Albert Sabin

Developed an oral polio vaccine, facilitating global vaccination efforts.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A disease caused by HIV, leading to severe immune system damage.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The virus that causes AIDS, transmitted through bodily fluids.

Ebola

A severe viral hemorrhagic fever with high mortality, emerging from contact with infected fluids.

heart disease

A range of conditions affecting heart function, common in older populations.

Alzheimer’s disease

A progressive neurological disorder leading to memory decline and cognitive impairment.

Medical Advances

Innovations that enhance diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases.

antiretroviral drugs

Medications used to manage HIV infection and prevent disease progression.

heart transplant

A surgical procedure to replace a failing heart with a donor heart, first done in 1967.

Christiaan Barnard

Surgeon credited with performing the first human heart transplant.

Robert Jarvik

Developer of the first artificial heart used as a temporary solution for heart patients.

artificial heart

A mechanical device designed to replace the biological heart temporarily or permanently

Green Party

Political movement advocating for environmental protection and sustainability in governance.

Green Belt Movement

Environmental initiative focused on tree planting and conservation to combat deforestation and promote sustainability.

Deforestation

Large-scale removal of trees leading to loss of forested areas for agriculture or development.

Desertification

Degradation of land in arid areas caused by various factors, reducing vegetation and agricultural potential.

Air Quality

Measure of pollutants in the atmosphere that can harm human health and the environment.

Greenhouse Gases

Gases accumulating in the atmosphere trapping heat and contributing to global warming.

Fossil Fuels

Natural resources like coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from ancient organic materials, used for energy.

Water Scarcity

Insufficient access to clean freshwater resources due to overconsumption or pollution, affecting population health and livelihood.

Renewable Energy

Energy sources that are naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, or geothermal power.

Global Warming

Increase in Earth's average temperature due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

Carbon Footprint

Total greenhouse gas emissions, measured in carbon dioxide equivalents, attributed to an individual or entity.

Anthropocene

Proposed geological epoch signifying significant human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems.

Kyoto Protocol

International treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, established in 1997.

Paris Agreement

Global accord signed in 2015 to strengthen response to climate change by limiting temperature rise

World Trade

The exchange of goods and services across international borders, significantly increasing since the late 20th century.

economic liberalization

The process of reducing government restrictions on trade and economy to promote market freedom and growth.

free market

An economic system where prices and production are dictated by supply and demand with minimal government intervention.

Asian Tigers

Economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan known for rapid industrialization and high growth rates in the late 20th century.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico established in 1994 to remove trade barriers and promote economic integration.

maquiladora

Factories in Mexico that import materials for assembly and export finished products, often associated with reduced labor costs.

Mercosur

A South American trade bloc established to promote regional integration and trade among member countries.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A regional organization that promotes political and economic cooperation among Southeast Asian nations.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

An international treaty aimed at reducing trade barriers and promoting global trade, succeeded by the WTO.

protective tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization established to regulate international trade, ensuring trade flows smoothly and predictably.

Leaders

Individuals, such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, who implemented free-market policies promoting economic growth.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who initiated economic reforms in the late 20th century promoting market-oriented policies.

Augusto Pinochet

Chilean dictator whose regime implemented free-market reforms but was notorious for human rights abuses.

Society

The structure and dynamics of a community or demographic, often affected by political and economic changes.

China

A country that moved towards a market economy under Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th century.

Tiananmen Square

Site of 1989 protests in Beijing advocating for political reform, violently suppressed by the government.

Globalization

Expansion of global interconnectedness in trade, communication, and cultural exchange since the late 20th century.

knowledge economy

An economic system where growth is driven by the production and management of knowledge and information.

multinational corporation

A company that operates in multiple countries, often taking advantage of global markets and labor costs.

Microsoft

An American multinational technology company known for software products, including the Windows operating system.

Google

A multinational technology corporation specializing in Internet-related products and services, including search engines.

Mahindra & Mahindra

An Indian multinational corporation involved in various industries, recognized for socially responsible practices.

Nestlé

A multinational food and beverage company criticized for ethical practices but also engaged in sustainable initiatives

Nelson Mandela

South African leader who fought against apartheid, becoming the first black president

Negritude

Movement emphasizing pride in African culture and identity, rejecting colonialism

Léopold Senghor

Senegalese poet and political leader, significant figure in the Negritude Movement

Pope Francis

First Latin American pope, known for progressive views on social justice

Liberation Theology

Religious movement combining Catholicism with social justice, focusing on poverty and oppression

W. E. B. Du Bois

African American sociologist and civil rights activist, advocated for black rights and education

Desmond Tutu

Anglican bishop and human rights activist, opposed apartheid in South Africa

F. W. de Klerk

Last apartheid-era president of South Africa, led negotiations to end apartheid

Wangari Maathai

Kenyan environmental activist and Nobel laureate, founded the Green Belt Movement

Earth Day

Annual event since 1970 promoting environmental awareness and protection

Greenpeace

Environmental organization advocating against harmful practices and promoting sustainability

Green Belt Movement

Initiative focused on tree planting and women's empowerment in Kenya

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and human rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

UN document adopted in 1948 asserting fundamental human rights for all

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

Agency created to provide humanitarian aid to children worldwide

International Court of Justice

Principal judicial body of the UN, resolving disputes between states

Human Rights

Fundamental rights and freedoms entitled to all individuals regardless of status

Refugees

Individuals fleeing their home countries due to conflict, persecution, or disasters

Civil Rights Act

U.S. law passed in 1964 prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act

U.S. law passed in 1965 prohibiting racial discrimination in voting

Apartheid

System of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s

Pass laws

Regulations in apartheid South Africa requiring black citizens to carry identification documents

African National Congress (ANC)

South African political party formed to end apartheid and promote racial equality

Pariah State

A nation that is internationally ostracized or disapproved due to its policies or actions

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

South African commission established to address human rights violations during apartheid

Dalits

Social group in India historically marginalized, referred to as "untouchables"

Caste Reservation System

Indian policy that allocates certain government jobs and educational opportunities to historically disadvantaged castes

Tiananmen Square

Site of a pro-democracy protest in Beijing in 1989, famously suppressed by the Chinese government

Muhammad Yunus

Bangladeshi social entrepreneur known for microfinance and poverty alleviation efforts since the 1970s

Theresa May

British politician who served as Prime Minister from 2016 to 2019, notably involved in Brexit negotiations

Manal al-Sharif

Saudi women's rights activist advocating for freedom and social media responsibility since the early 2010s

child labor

Employment of minors in hazardous conditions, prevalent in global supply chains, particularly in developing countries