chapter 2 gateway to u.s. history

Reconstruction

the action or process of reconstructing or being reconstructed.

Thirteenth Amendment

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865.

Freedman

an emancipated slave.

Freedman's Bureau

The U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, popularly known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in 1865 by Congress to help former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the U.S. Civil War (1861-65).

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson was the 17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869.

Presidential Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was pro-slavery throughout his career in the Senate and as the Military Governor of Tennessee.

Radical Republicans

In Congress the most influential Radical Republicans were U.S. Senator Charles Sumner and U.S. Representative Thaddeus Stevens.

black codes

In the United States, the Black Codes were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War.

Congressional Reconstruction

In early 1866, Congressional Republicans, appalled by mass killing of ex-slaves and adoption of restrictive black codes, seized control of Reconstruction from President Johnson.

civil rights act

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

Fourteenth amendment

Constitution of United States of America 1789 (rev. 1992)

due process

fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

equal protection

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

fifteenth amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

impeachment

Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

carpetbagger

a political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections.

scalawag

a person who behaves badly but in an amusingly mischievous rather than harmful way; a rascal.

hiram rhodes revels

Hiram Rhodes Revels was an American politician, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and a college administrator.

new south

New South, New South Democracy or New South Creed is a slogan in the history of the American South, after 1877.

sharecropping

Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land.

debt peonage

Peonage, also called debt slavery or debt servitude, is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work. Legally, peonage was outlawed by Congress in 1867.

ku klux klan

literacy tests

grandfather clauses

poll taxes

solid south

jim crow laws

segregation

plessy vs ferguson