CLEP Human Growth and Development

Charles is a businessman who made a great deal of money over the past 20 years. Throughout his life he has always been self-absorbed and competitive in his business dealings and in social settings. He is now 48 years old and has no spouse or children. Charles has decided to start a charitable foundation for the benefit of needy children. Charles is most likely in Erik Erikson's stage of:

A. industry versus inferiority

B. generativity versus stagnation

C. initiative versus guilt

D. trust versus mistrust

E. autonomy versus shame and doubt

B

Which of the following research methods would most likely be used when examining the behavior of a group of children on the playground?

A. Case study

B. Archival

C. Observational

D. Cross-sectional

E. Experimental

C

According to some researchers, what is the most likely reason that the age of menarche has been decreasing from past decades?

A. An increase in young women's' consumption of nutrients and fatty foods

B. An increase in physical activity at earlier ages among young women

C. An increase in the tendency for young women to interact with the opposite sex

D. A decrease in the quality of health care for young women

E. A decrease in exposure to environmental estrogens contained in such things as certain plastics and pesticides

A

A cognitive-developmental-stage theorist like Jean Piaget would expect which of the following to be true?

A. Children perform at a higher stage level when novel tasks and materials are used.

B. Children often skip one stage of development when their IQs fall in the gifted range.

C. Children in different cultures go through the same stages in the same order.

D. Children move from one stage to the next stage more quickly in response to intense training.

E. Children move through the stages more quickly when they are rewarded for successful problem solving.

C

Research suggests that which of the following types of intelligence may increase throughout the life span?

A. Fluid

B. Performance

C. Mathematical

D. Crystallized

E. Spatial

D

Fifteen-year-old Tabatha sees someone steal something from a convenience store. She decides to tell the clerk because she knows that it is important to uphold the laws of society in order to help maintain social order. According to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, Tabatha is at a level of moral reasoning known as:

A. conventional

B. preconventional

C. postconventional

D. formal operational

E. preoperational

A

Timothy is an 8-year-old who gets into a lot of fights at school, does not do well academically, frequently breaks rules and is self-centered. If Timothy's behavior stems from a particular parenting style, his parents' style of parenting is most likely to be:

A. authoritative

B. permissive

C. authoritarian

D. neglectful

E. autonomous

B

John tends to be hardworking, ambitious and persevering. He rates high on which of the following Big Five personality dimensions?

A. Agreeableness

B. Neuroticism

C. Extraversion

D. Openness

E. Conscientiousness

E

A behaviorist who is studying the link between parenting style and childhood aggression would be most likely to focus on:

A. how parents punish their children's aggressive behavior

B. how parents in different communities interpret their children's aggressive behavior

C. what parents believe about their children's aggressive behavior

D. the point at which parents seek professional advice about their children's aggressive behavior

E. whether or not parents emotionally reject aggressive children

A

A community decides to improve its health-care system by creating hospices that provide support to families with terminally ill family members. This type of hospice program is an example of:

A. a home health aid program

B. palliative care

C. euthanasia

D. an advance directive

E. a life review

B

What is the name for the tendency of an infant to reach with his or her mouth when touched there?

A: sucking reflex

B: rooting reflex

C: grasping reflex

D: startling reflex

E: telegraphic reflex

B

The almost instantaneous attachment process that children make with their mothers is known as _____.

A: occluding

B: shaping

C: supplanting

D: imprinting

E: intending

D

Which developmental psychologist suggested that adolescents go through a brutal identity crisis?

A: Sigmund Freud

B: Albert Bandura

C: Jean Piaget

D: Erik Erikson

E: B.F. Skinner

D

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children with autism?

A. Limited or no attention to social stimuli

B. Compulsive behavior

C. Language impairment

D. Low intelligence

E. Difficulty in building and maintaining friendships

D

If a study is carried out throughout the life of the same subject, measuring an effect as the subject reaches specific ages, it is known as a _____ study.

A. Lifetime

B. Experimental

C. Clinical

D. Observational

E. Longitudinal

E

Which of the following is Jean Piaget's term for the ability to take in information and perceptions that are compatible with a person's understanding of the world?

A. Assimilation

B. Acceptance

C. Self-actualization

D. Projection

E. Rationalization

A

Which of the following would likely trigger the Moro reflex in an infant?

A. A hug

B. A loud noise

C. Being pushed in a carriage

D. Breastfeeding

E. A new person entering the room

B

Hemophilia is a common type of which disorder?

A. Sex-linked dominant disorder

B. Autosomal recessive disorder

C. Autosomal dominant disorder

D. Sex-linked recessive disorder

E. Reciprocal cross disorder

D

What of the following is the LEAST developed sense at birth?

A. Hearing

B. Touch

C. Smell

D. Sight

E. Taste

D

Which theory emphasizes the ability to think in an internal/conscious manner?

A. Cognitive

B. Self-actualization

C. Rationalization

D. Mental

E. Neuroplasticity

A

What is the term for the procedure in which fluid from an expecting mother's uterus is taken in order to determine if the baby has any genetic anomalies?

A. Ultrasound

B. Chronic Villi Sampling

C. Amniocentesis

D. Hormonal tests

E. Kleihauer-Betke test

C

Research in children with no other sibling has shown which of the following results?

A. Increased social abilities

B. Improvement in school grades

C. Decreased social abilities

D. Low self-esteem

E. Increased likelihood of developing ADHD

B

Which of the following would be the most detrimental for an infant's brain development?

a. Lack of sensory stimulation

b. No bottle feeding

c. Single parent environment

d. Spoiling the baby with toys

e. Loud music

A

Which person believed that children were born a blank slate?

A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

B) John Locke

C) Alfred Binet

D) Sigmund Freud

E) Erik Erikson

B

According to the social learning theory, behaviors and personalities develop as people

A) Adjust their behavior to be less like people they dislike.

B) Model themselves after people they admire or associate themselves with.

C) Learn to get what they want through the process of trial and error.

D) Repeatedly undergo the process of operant conditioning when developing their personalities.

E) None of the above

B

Trust vs. Mistrust is Erikson's developmental stage which occurs in a(n)

A) Infant

B) Toddler

C) Preschooler

D) School-age child

E) Adolescent

A

________ is the earliest sound a child makes to communicate?

A) Babbling

B) Cooing

C) Echolalia

D) Crying

E) B and C

E

A student is nervous about a test they have coming up so they decide to study an extra hour the night before. They can sleep well because they feel more prepared. The next day they take the test and feel confident about how they did. The test is returned to them and they have received a perfect score, and will get an A grade for the quarter. The student's parents are pleased and reward them by taking them out to dinner. Name all of the intrinsic reinforcers for the student in the story.

A) Relieved anxiety, confidence, pleased parents

B) Confidence, good grades, dinner

C) Dinner, relieved anxiety, pleased parents

D) Relieved anxiety, confidence

E) Confidence, sleep well, pleased parents

D

___________ is the ethical component of personality and provides moral standards.

A) Id

B) Ego

C) Superego

D) Id and ego

E) Superego and ego

C

The belief that you are the center of the universe

A) Assimilation

B) Accommodation

C) Classification

D) Conservation

E) Egocentrism

E

If a teacher rewards children with treats for participating in class, what type of conditioning is occurring?

A) Positive reinforcing

B) Negative reinforcing

C) Positive punishment

D) Negative punishment

E) No conditioning is occurring

A

A statistical measure of typical scores for categories of information

A) Class inclusion

B) Conservation

C) Developmental norm

D) Egocentrism

E) Elaboration

C

What was the visual cliff experiment designed to test?

A) An infant's depth perception

B) An infant's auditory capabilities

C) An infant's visual acuity

D) An infant's mental capabilities

D) An infant's hand eye coordination

A

The first negative emotion clearly exhibited

during infancy is

(A) fear

(B) anger

(C) guilt

(D) distress

(E) jealousy

...

According to behavioral psychologists, which

of the following treatments would most

likely extinguish disruptive behavior in

preschool children?

(A) Threatening to isolate them immediately

after such behavior

(B) Ignoring them so that they do not receive

the reinforcement they are seeking

(C) Punishing them immediately so they understand

what they did wrong

(D) Discouraging them but not punishing them

(E) Reasoning with them and explaining that

their behavior is wrong

...

The length of time that it takes to toilet train a

child depends mostly on which of the following?

(A) Presence or absence of older siblings

(B) Severity of the training practices the caregivers

use

(C) Verbal ability of the caregivers

(D) The child's feeding regimen in infancy

(E) Age at which the child begins toilet training

...

A defining characteristic of autistic children is

(A) obsessive attachment to their mothers

(B) lack of motor coordination

(C) unresponsiveness to others

(D) hyperactivity

(E) physical abnormality

...

Anxiety over performance can positively

motivate school achievement in children

as long as the degree of anxiety is

(A) very high

(B) high

(C) moderate

(D) low

(E) very low

...

According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development

begins with which of the following?

(A) Preoperations

(B) Concrete operations

(C) Intuitive thought

(D) Sensorimotor activities

(E) Formal operations

...

Social-class differences in vocabulary development

result from social-class differences

in the amount of

(A) maternal anxiety

(B) verbal stimulation

(C) paternal illness

(D) sibling rivalry

(E) marital discord

...

Studies in which the same people are tested

at different ages are called

(A) longitudinal

(B) cross-sectional

(C) normative

(D) naturalistic

(E) experimental

...

Which of the following is most central to the

concept of sensitive period?

(A) Growth spurts must occur at specific ages.

(B) Children who do not develop at the same

time as their peers experience distress.

(C) A given function emerges automatically

during a particular time period regardless

of learning experiences.

(D) Particular experiences are especially in!uential

at a certain time in development.

(E) Children go through a negativistic stage

as a part of their cognitive development.

...

Jimmy saw his favorite candy for sale in the

store. He had no money, so he planned to steal

it. However, he changed his mind and decided

not to do it, because stealing is wrong. According

to Sigmund Freud's theory, which part of

Jimmy's personality prevented him from stealing?

(A) Id

(B) Ego

(C) Superego

(D) Anima

(E) Collective unconscious

...