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energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems (located on slide 2)
oxidizing
catabolic pathways yield energy by ___________ organic fuels
exergonic
the breakdown of organic molecules is ___________
aerobic respiration
consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
fermentation
is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
redox reactions
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or __________ ____________
oxidation
in _________, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
reduction
in __________, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)
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located on slide 4
covalent bonds
some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in ________ ________
methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction (located on slide 5)
organic molecules
__________ _________ with an abundance of hydrogen are excellent sources of high-energy electrons (located on slide 6)
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located on slide 7
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located on slide 7
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stages of cellular respiration (located on slide 8)
glycolysis
_________ harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate (located on slide 9)
glycolysis
("sugar spitting") breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
energy investment phase
energy payoff phase
glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:
O2
glycolysis occurs whether or not _______ is present
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the energy input and output of glycolysis (located on slide 10)
pyruvate
after ________ is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
mitochondrion
in the presence of O2, pyruvate enters a ___________ (in eukaryotic cells)
matrix
pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycles takes place in the _______ of the mitochondrion (located on slide 12)
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oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the step before the citric acid cycle (located on slide 13)
the citric acid cycle
also called the Krebs cycle, completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2
pyruvate
the cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from __________, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn
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the citric acid cycle (located on slide 14)
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a closer look at the citric acid cycle (step 8)- the citric acid cycle has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
- the acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate
- the next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle
- the NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain (located on slide 15)
substrate-level phosphorylation
a small amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by _________-_______ ___________ (located on slide 16)
oxidative phosphorylation
the process that generates almost 90% of ATP is called ____________ ____________ because it is powered by redox reactions (located on slide 16)
chemiosmosis
during oxidative phosphorylation, __________ couples electron transport to ATP synthesis (located on slide 17)
inner membrane
the electron transport chain is in the ________ _________ (cristae) of the mitochondrion
the pathway of electron transport (located on slide 18)
electron transport chain
electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the __________ __________ ________
proteins
electrons are passed through a number of __________ and finally to O2
ATP
the electron transport chain generates no _____ directly
H+ gradient
it creates a ______ __________
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chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis (located on slide 20)
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free-energy change during electron transport (located on slide 21)
chemiosmosis
the energy-coupling mechanism (located on slide 23)
intermembrane space
the energy released as electrons are passed down the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the _______________ _________
ATP synthase
H+ then moves down its concentration gradient back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex ______ ___________
cellular respiration
glucose
during __________ ___________, most energy flows in this sequence:
__________ -> NADH (or FADH2) -> electrons transport chain-> proton-motive force -> ATP
glucose molecule
about 34% of the energy in a __________ __________ is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 32 ATP
heat
the rest of the energy is lost as ________
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ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration (located on slide 25)
fermentation
anaerobic respiration
_____________ and _________ _____________ enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
electronegative oxygen
most cellular respiration depends on _____________ __________ to pull electrons down the transport chain
oxygen
without __________, the electron transport chain will cease to operate
ATP
in that case, glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or fermentation to produce ______
fermentation
consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis
alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
two common types of fermentation are:
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types of fermentation (located on slide 27)
fermentation
anaerobic
aerobic respiration
the processes of ___________, ____________, and ____________ ___________ have different mechanisms for oxidizing NADH to NAD+
fermentation
in ____________, an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) acts as a final electron acceptor; produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule
cellular respiration
in ____________ ___________, electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain; produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule
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pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism (located on slide 29)
metabolic pathways
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other ____________ _____________
(located on slide 30)
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regulation of cellular respiration via feedback mechanisms (located on slide 31)
