KINE 433 Exam 3

Overweight:

Bodyweight is 10% over recommended weight

Obese:

Excess body fat

Obsesity standards in males:

over 25% bodyweight carried by fat

Obesity standards in females:

over 35% bodyweight carried by fat

Metabolic heat:

heat produced by body

Conduction:

Heat transfer through contact with a solid object

Convection:

Heat transfer with H2O or air

Radiation

Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves

Evaporation

Heat loss as H2O converts to H2O vapor

Evaporation counts for ____ % heat loss durong ex.

80-90

What is the tolerable range of core body temp?

36-38 degrees C

Heat stroke can occur at ____

41 degrees C

Death can occur at core body temp of

42 degrees C

How is body temp. monitered in body

Thermorecpetor nerves in skin, muscle, spine, and brain

Where do thermoreceptor nerves send feedback to

hypothalamus

What does the hypothalamus do when core temp. rises

Hpothalamus increases sympathetic nerve activity

Sympathetic nerves releasing ACh causes:

dialtion and activates sweat glands

Increase skin blood flow and sweat production leads to

heat loss

Sweat glands are activated by:

sympathetic nervous system

sweat has

electrolytes

Where does H2O in sweat come from

Plasma membrane

Dehydration = ___ % bodyweight loss

2%

Exerciseing during heat stress is dangerous becasue:

skin AND muscle compete for blood flow

What happens to cardiac output as heat stess increases

CO increases and blood flow goes to skin

How musch blood flow goes to the skin during exercising in the heat

60%

Working out in the heat ____ heart rate

increases

What happens to COmax when you exercise in heat

COmax becomes lower

What happnes to stroke volume when exercising in the heat

is decreases

Why does someone get the chills when having heat exhaustion

blood flow stops going to the skin

What are heat cramps due to

Loss of Na+ and H2O

What is cause of heat exhaustion

decreased skin blood flow

What happens that marks the start of heat stroke

sweating stops

How do you reduce the risk for heat disorders

Increasing fluid intake

Can you improve heat tolerance? If yes, how

Yes, training and acclimizing

What happens, physiologically, when you train and acclimitize

• Earlier onset of sweating

• More sweat produced / SG

• Sweat is more dilute to protect loss of sodium

How does increasing heat tolerance afffect exercise tolerance

• increased palsma volume

• increased exerise tolerance

• increased exercise time

How long does it take to acclimitize and gain heat tolerance

It occurs rapidly and if more effecive when training

100 min/day for 12 days (most improvement in first 2-4 days)

What happens to stroke volume when exercising in the heat and why

SV decreases due to decreased venous return

What happens to heart rate when exercising in the heat and why?

HR increases to maintain CO

What should fluid replacement beverages do

• maintain hydration

• reduce fatigue

• improve performance

• prevent heat disorders

Sport drinks should have a _____ gastric emptying rate

Quick

Does the CHO (sugar) content of sports drink affect gastric emptying

As CHO content increase, gastric emptying rate declines

How does electrolyte content affect gastic emptying

As electrolyte content increases, gastric emptying rate declines

What % of CHO content is optimal to have in a sports drink without electrolyes

10

What % of CHO content is optimal to have in a sports drink with 5% Na+

6-8%

Why do heat cramps occur

Loss of Na and H2O

How much gatorade / salt to you want to take if you are currently having cramps

16 oz of gatorade + 3 g salt

What is the partial pressure of arterial blood

100 mmHg

Why is the partial pressure of arterial blood less than alveoli pressure

• diffusion is not 100% complete

• Some blood bypasses ventilated areas of lungs (shunts)

How is partial pressure altered at a higher altitude

Alveolar and arterial partial pressure decline as altitude increases

Why does partial pressure decline

• barometric pressure is lower at higher altitudes

• the percent in O2 in air doesn’t change

How does decliing partial pressure affect O2 delivery to muscle

• decreased arterial partial pressure at high

• decreased difussion gradient blood to muscle

• decreased O2 delivery

How does exercise at high altitude affect VO2 max

VO2 max decreases as altitude increase

Why does VO2 max decrease as altitude increases

Main reason is due to drop of arterial partial pressure

What is considered extreme altitude

above 5,500 ft.

How is VO2 max affected at extreme altitudes, like mt. Everest

Vo2 max was 75% lower at summit

How is submaximal ex. affected by high altitude

• perception of work is higher

• time to exhaustion is lower

• O2 cost of work is the same

How does high altitude impact performance on events under 2 minutes

Has no impact (uses PCR system)

How does high altitude impact performance on events longer than 2 minutes

Performance declines

Does “living High Training Low work”

Yes, VO2 max increased, Hemoglobin content increased, and performance time decreased

Is prevelance of obesity greater in males or females

females

What populations are most common to have obesity

Black and hispanic

As education levels increase, obesity levels

decrease

What is the economic cost of obesity

Annual US cost = 190 B; Annual TX cost = 16 B

What causes obesity

Energy imbalance, more alories in than out

excess calories are stored as fat

What are risk factors of obesity

Genetics, environment, age, socioeconomic status

What are complications with obesity

Increased risk of disease and depression

How do you classify between healthy and unhealthy weight

BMI (bw/h) BMI>30 = obese

What goals should be placed on people with obesity?

achieve and maintain healthier weight, with both diet and exercise

How ‘hard’ should a person with obesity exercise

• work up to 60 min a day

• Expenditure goal of 200-400 kcal/day

Body composition methods are based off what model

2 compartment model (FM & FFM)

What makes up FFM

bone, connective tissue, organs, and muscleW

Which method for texting Body comp. is the best

Dexa Scan

What’s the problem with hydrostatic weighing

Assumes that people only differ in the amount of fat they have

WHat’s the problem with skin fold method

inconsistent measurments; only some fat is subcutaneous

What are sources of error with bioelectrical empedance

influenced by hydration level and skin temperature

The lack of insulin is Diabetes ____

1

The resistance to insulin is diabetes ___

2

80-95% of diabetes is type ___

2

What casues T2D

cells become resistant to insulin and pancreas can’t produce enough

What are risk factors of T2D

• overweight

• high abdominal fat

• inactivity

• family history

• race

• age

What are symptoms of T2D

• increased thirts

• increased urination

• extreme hunger

• fatigue

• blurred vision

• slow healing sores

How do you diagnose T2D with a random blood glucose test

Glucose > 200 mg/dl

How do you diagnose T2D with a fasting blood glucose test

Glucose > 125 mg/dl on 2 tests

How do you diagnose T2D with a glucose tolerance test

Glucose > 200 mg/dl 2 hpurs after drinking 75g of glucose

Glucose damages _____ and impairs ____

blood vessels, blood flow

What percentage of people with T2D die of CVD

75

How does exercise affect insulin sensitivity

Increased exercise = increased insulin sensitivity

What are special considerations with exercising and people with T2D

• measure their glucose before and after exercise

• Avoid exercising in the evening