RD Exam: Vitamins & Minerals

Carotene is it's precursor

Vitamin A

Main functions involve skin and vision

Vitamin A

Cholesterol is it's precursor

Vitamin D

Involved in Ca & P metabolism

Vitamin D

Deficiencies include osteomalacia and rickets

Vitamin D

Egg yolk and fortified milk are dietary sources

Vitamin D

These are antioxidants

Vitamin C, Vitamin E and Selenium

This is the least toxic vitamin

Vitamin E

Main function is resistance of hemolysis of RBCs

Vitamin E

Food sources include vegetable oils, whole grains, green veggies, and almonds

Vitamin E

Deficiencies result in hemolytic anemia

Vitamin E

These are synthesized by intestinal bacteria

Vitamin K and Biotin

Main function is calcium metabolism and blood clotting

Vitamin K

Food sources include green, leafy veggies

Vitamin K

This is affected by mineral oil, antibiotics, and anticoagulants

Vitamin K

AKA "thiamin"

Vitamin B1

This vitamin is heat stable in acid

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

This vitamin is lost as temperature and/or pH rises

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Need increases as carbohydrate intake increase

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Functions include oxidation of carbohydrates and pyruvate metabolism

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Dietary sources include grains, wheat germ, pork, and liver

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Deficiencies include increased plasma pyruvate, beriberi, muscle weakness, memory loss, foot drop, and tachycardia

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

AKA "riboflavin"

Vitamin B2

It is lost in UV light

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Functions include energy release from protein and RBC production

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Dietary sources include liver, kidney, meat, and milk

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Deficiencies include cheilosis, angular stomatitis, and growth failure

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

It's precursor is tryptophan

Niacin

Main function is energy production and metabolism of all macronutrients

Niacin

Dietary sources include protein, peanuts, RTE cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, and milk

Niacin

Deficiencies include dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (pellagra), red tongue, or pigmented rash

Niacin

PABA is it's precursor

Folate

Involved in DNA synthesis and RBC formation in bone marrow

Folate

Prevents neural tube defects

Folate

Dietary sources include fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy veggies, citrus fruits, lentils, and beans

Folate

Deficiencies include megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, or fatigue

Folate

AKA "pyridoxine"

Vitamin B6

An antagonist is INH - isoniazid

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A coenzyme in AA metabolism, including deamination and transamination

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Increase this vitamin when protein intake increases

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Dietary sources include meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, RTE cereals

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Deficiencies include seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, and peripheral neuropathy

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

AKA "cyanocobalamin"

Vitamin B12

Contains cobalt

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Bound by intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Acts as a coenzyme in protein synthesis and forms RBCs

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Dietary sources include liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, and cheese

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Deficiencies include macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia or pernicious anemia (after gastrectomy)

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Serves as coenzyme A

Pantothenic acid

These are involved in synthesis of fatty acids

Pantothenic acid and Biotin

Dietary sources include animal foods, grains, and legumes

Pantothenic acid

Although deficiency is rare, it includes paresthesia in feet

Pantothenic acid

Most easily destroyed vitamin

Vitamin C

This vitamin needs an acid pH

Vitamin C

Destroyed easily by heat, alkaline pH, and oxidation

Vitamin C

AKA "ascorbic acid"

Vitamin C

Main function is changing proline into hydroxyproline, and then into collagen (strengthens intercellular substances)

Vitamin C

Involved in wound healing and aids in iron absorption

Vitamin C

Dietary sources include citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green/yellow veggies

Vitamin C

Deficiencies include poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae, and scurvy

Vitamin C

Inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg whites)

Biotin

Serves as a coenzyme in FA synthesis, also converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

Biotin

Dietary sources include liver, kidney, egg yolk, and yeast

Biotin

Deficiencies include muscle pain, dermatitis, and glossitis

Biotin

Found in plants as phytic acid

Myo-Inositol

Contains phosphorus vitamin-like factor

Myo-Inositol

Binds calcium, zinc, iron, membrane structure

Myo-Inositol

Found in outer husks of cereal grains and leafy green veggies

Myo-Inositol

Most abundant mineral

Calcium

Absorption is aided by vitamin D, acid, and lactose

Calcium

Regulated by parathyroid hormone

Calcium

Calcitonin lowers blood levels of this by inhibiting bone resorption

Calcium

Involved in blood clotting, cardiac fxn, nerve transmission, and smooth muscle contractility

Calcium

Found in dairy products, leafy veggies, and legumes

Calcium

Deficiencies lead to tetany (muscle spasms)

Calcium

Second most abundant mineral

Phosphorus

Part of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Phosphorus

Part of phospholipids that transport fat through blood and lymph, also involved with healthy bones and teeth

Phosphorus

Dietary sources include milk, meat, poultry, eggs, fish, and cheese

Phosphorus

Deficiency is rare

Phosphorus

Trace mineral that is a part of Hgb

Iron

Food iron

Ferric

Absorbable iron

Ferrous

Stored iron

Ferritin

Mainly involved in oxygen transport

Iron

Dietary sources of heme iron

Animal foods, meat, fish, poultry

Dietary sources of non-heme iron

Cereals, veggies

What mineral is poorly absorbed?

Non-heme iron

Absorption of this is aided by gastric juice and vitamin C. Calcium may also help if oxalates are present.

Non-heme iron

Eggs, tea, milk, and cheese do not aid absorption of _____.

Non-heme iron

Deficiency includes anemia, spoon shaped nails, pale conjunctivae, pale tongue, and fatigue

Iron

Part of chlorophyll

Magnesium

Found in bone and cells (50/50)

Magnesium

Involved in protein and fatty acid synthesis

Magnesium

High protein, calcium, and/or vitamin D increase the need for this mineral

Magnesium

Stabilizes the structure of ATP

Magnesium

Found in most foods, milk, and bread

Magnesium

Deficiency is rare, but may involve tremors

Magnesium

Excess of this trace mineral leads to copper and/or iron deficiency

Zinc

Increases taste acuity

Zinc