DC World Unit 2

Maya, Inca, Aztec

What major native American empires existed in the Americas at the time of European arrival

Europeans established empires that were not made up of lands close to their main state

What was uniquely distinctive about the empires founded by European nations in the Americas

Central and South America

Where did the Spanish focus their "empire building" efforts

Brazil and parts of East Asia

Where did the Portuguese focus their "empire building" efforts

treaty of Tordesillas restricted Portugal's expansion in the western hemisphere, but allowed for colony in Brazil

Why did Portugal only establish a colony in Brazil

Europeans were closer to America than any potential rivals

How was proximity a factor in the European expansion into the Americas

Improved maps, ability to use sextants and astrolabes to determine latitude, better ships that were capable of longer voyages

What technological innovations allowed Europeans to cross the oceans (3)

fear, greed, religion, personal achievement

What four primary motivations prompted Europeans to explore the new world

steel weapons and armor, gunpowder weapons (arquebuses and cannon)

What weapons technology allowed the Spanish to conquer such large empires with relatively few soldiers

Spanish quickly realized that native people were composed of rival tribes and social classes, used these divisions to recruit allies

How did the Spanish use diplomacy to assist them in their efforts at conquest

The decimation of the native populations due to exposure to European diseases and lack of immunity to them

In simplest terms, what was the "Great Dying?" What caused it?

smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever

What diseases were a part of the Great Dying (6)

Epidemic deaths brought on near complete social breakdown (Aztec and Incan governments) which made it easier for them to be conquered

What role did the Great Dying have in assisting the conquests of the European nations

period of global cooling from 1300-1850, China, Europe, and North Americas all experienced cold winters during this time, led to other weather disasters

What was the Little Ice Age? How did it impact the colonization of the Americas

Interaction of Europeans and Native Americans began a process of transfer of biological organisms that would forever change the planet

Define the Columbian Exchange

Europe

Which society would be more impacted by the transfer of food items/agriculture (Europe/America)

America

Which society would be more impacted by the transfer of animals (Europe/America)

tobacco, chocolate, sugar

What luxury items were introduced to Europe through the Exchange

arrival of Europeans in the Americas shattered the isolation and led to a collision of ecosystems that was unprecedented

Why can the Columbian Exchange be called a "return to Pangaea?"

increase in need for slaves because of sugar, tobacco, etc growth

What is meant by the statement that the Columbian Exchange led to the largest forced human migration in history

gold/silver, nation's wealth and power is measured by this

What is "bullion" and how was it related to mercantilism

"common sense" position of European countries for a long time. A nation's wealth and power came through, and should be measured by the accumulation of "bullion" which is basically just a term for gold/silver, nation gains wealth w favorable balance of trade (exports more than imports), nation gains wealth and power with colonial possessions beyond its borders

What was the economic philosophy of "mercantalism"

provide captive market for goods manufactured by the "mother" country, provide a source of raw materials at low cost to supply the manufacturing industries

How did colonial possessions add to a nation's wealth and power

basically gave the western hemisphere to Spain and eastern hemisphere to Portugal

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope didn't like the idea of two powerful, Catholic nations killing each other, Pope was very powerful at the time

Why was the Treaty of Tordesillas negotiated by the Pope

claimed and colonized areas that were well-populated (but controllable), and wealthy (particularly with gold and silver)

Why was Spain the "winner" in the Treaty of Tordesillas

New Spain, New Granada, Rio de la Plata

What were the three regional divisions of Spanish America

Spanish monarchy gave settlers land and rights to use native laborers, settlers had to "protect" the natives and convert them to Christianity, basically became a slave system

What were the elements of the Encomienda System

basically Spanish pretended to change things, but really didn't. Estate owners would "employ" native workers, low wages, high taxes, and debts for "rent" to the landowners just made this a new form of slavery-very much like serfdom

How was the Hacienda System similiar/different from the Encomienda System

Settlers born in Spain were called peninsulares and were the "upper crust"

Who were peninsulares

Spanish settlers born in Americas, looked down on by the peninsulares

Who were creoles

children of Spanish men and Indian women

Who were mestizos

Brazil, Portugal

What was the largest sugar-producing colony in the Americas? What European nation owned it

natives nearly all died from disease and mistreatment or fled into the interior of the jungles

Why did Portuguese sugar plantation owners turn to African slave labor

80%

Approximately what percentage of African slaves transported across the Atlantic came to the sugar colonies

climate wasn't suitable for plantations

Why did northern colonies of North America not develop commercial/plantation agriculture

Protestant colonists were very concerned that everyone could read the Bible, led to greater emphasis on general education and therefore much more literacy among average people

Why did the northern colonies of North America place such an emphasis on education/literacy

Mongols

What central Asian power was raiding and taking over Russian territories in the mid 13th Century?

Poland

What kingdom, to Russia's west, blocked their expansion in that direction for a long time

Treaty of Nerchinsk

What was the name of the treaty that established the border between the Russian empire and China

regional scale rather than global (grew by overwhelming nearby areas not crossing oceans), nowhere near the devastating imapct on conquered peoples, Did not have as much impact on the ruling/mother country economically

What are three distinct ways that the empires of Asia were different from the empires of Europe at this time

Qing

What dynasty led the expansion of China during this time period

Came from Manchuria, they were a nomadic group that assimilated to Chinese culture

Where did the Qing dynasty leaders come from? How did this fact make them "outsiders" in a way

Dzungars

What group of nomads descended from the Mongols were exterminated by the Qing

Russia

With what empire did China negotiate the Treaty of Nerchinsk

"indirect imperialism" used leaders to maintain controls, didn't make efforts to force conquered peoples to adopt Chinese culture

How did the Chinese administer their holdings in their empire

Relatively open spaces of central Asia had allowed for overland trade between China and Western Europe during the Mongol era, but not any longer, the control of the region by the Russian and Chinese empires cut off easy travel that western Europe had relied on

How did the expansion of China and Russia lead to the death of the Silk Road trading route

Central Asia

From where did the Mughals originate

From where did the Mughals originate

Islamic in religion, Turkic in culture, claimed descent from Genghis Khan so viewed themselves as conquerors

What cultural/ethnic heritage did the Mughals claim

India

Where did Mughals expand their empire into

Hinduism

What major world religion did the Mughals interact with in their holdings in India

married Hindu princesses from conquered states, but didn't require them to convert to Islam, brought Hindus into the leadership of the empire, supported the building of Hindu temples in addition to mosques, etc, encouraged more rights and respect for women

Describe how Emperor Akbar accommodated the interaction between Islam and Hinduism (4)

hosted meetings with scholars of all the religions of the area

For what purpose did Akbar build his "House of Worship?"

didn't make them convert when married

How were Akbar's views toward women considerably forward looking compared to either traditional Islamic or Hindu views

Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi

Who was the Islamic cleric who opposed the accommodations of Akbar

Islamic Law

What is Sharia law

agreed w teachings of Sirhindi, mounted an aggressive anti-Hindu campaign (music and dance banned at royal court, gambling/drinking/prostitution/narcotics outlawed, some hindu temples destroyed, discriminatory tax on non-Muslims reinstated)

How did Emperor Aurangzeb roll back much of what Akbar had put into place

led to many rebellions which weakened the Mughals enough for England to come in and take control of much of India during the late 1700s

What was the political result of Aurangzeb's actions

progressive views toward women (hold property, legal rights in courts), freedom to other religious groups (Christians allowed to continue, some christians became gov officials, jewish allowed to immigrate to their territories when forced out of Christian Europe)

How was the Ottoman empire similar to the Mughals in the way they treated their conquered peoples

Islamic empires, Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem

What areas of the world did the Ottoman Empire control at its height

Constantinople

What city was captured in 1453 and renamed Istanbul

practice of taking hostages from Christian lands and raising them as Ottomans, did this to thousands of young boys

What was the "devshirme"

Spain saw themselves as the guardians of the Indians and thought that disease was God's way of showing the Spanish superiority

What were the two commonly held opinions of Spanish political and religious leaders concerning the inhabitants of the Indies

The English were aggressive towards the Indians and thought of themselves as superior

What was the English attitude toward the natives they found in North America

Native Indians were replaced by African slaves. Africans were immune to the tropical diseases killing many of the natives so they were brought to the Caribbean as slaves

Why did Brazil becoming a Portuguese colony lead to the use of slaves in South America

To achieve a favorable balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and maintain domestic employment

What was the goal of mercantilist policies in Western Europe

Each government's primary economic objective was to command a sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries and aid its own territorial expansion

How did the need for "hard currency" (gold/silver) relate to the development of full-time, professional armies

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Who was the French Finance Minister under Louis XIV

a confederation of several Tibetan Buddhist Oirat tribes that emerged suddenly in the early 17th century, last great nomadic empire in Asia

Who were the Dzungar people

around 500,000 to 800,000 people

How many Dzungar were killed during the Qing genocide

they were moved to other places in China. Generals were ordered to kill all men and divide their wives and children among the Qing soldiers

What happened to Dzungar men and women who weren't killed outright