Biochemical

Biochemical groupings

nucleic acid - lipids - proteins - carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates?

Glucose - monosaccharides etc

What are Lipids?

Phospholipid molecules - glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups

What are Proteins?

Insulin & membrane channels, polypeptides

What is Nucleic acid?

DNA - nucleotides

Overall function of biochemical groups

work together to ensure that body cells have access to glucose for their energy needs

Monosaccharides (carbohydrate)

Glucose, Galactose, fructose, ribose

Disaccharides (carbohydrates)

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

proteins

enzymes, antibodies, peptide hormones

Triglycerides (lipids)

Fat stored in adipose cells

Phospholipids (lipids)

lipids forming a bilayer in cell membrane

Steroids (lipids)

Some hormones

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

What do their interactions mean?

all interaction are referred to as metabolism

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What is metabolisms main goal?

The main goal of metabolism is to convert food into energy and essential molecules needed for the body's growth, maintenance, and functioning.

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a covalent bond in a molecule using water as a reactant.

Galactose + Glucose

Lactose

Starch + water

Glucose

3 fatty acids + glycerol

Triglyceride lipid

Protein + water

Amino acid

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What is catabolism

Catabolism is the process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

what is anabolism

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy. It is the process by which cells synthesize complex molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, promoting growth and maintenance of body tissues.

what are polar bonds

Covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen of a single water molecule refers to a polar covalent bond

Which biochemical group is polar?

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid are polar molecules

Monosaccharides

monormer units of carbohydrates and building blocks of disaccharides

trioses (monosaccharides)

containing 3 carbon atoms

Pentose (monosaccharides)

containing 5 carbon atoms

hexoses (monosaccharides)

containing 6 carbon atoms

3 sugars

glucose, galactose, fructose

Glucose + glucose

Maltose

Glucose + fructose

Sucrose

Galactose + glucose

lactose

cellulose

major components of plant cell walls, protection, roots, stems and leaves. Can digest.

Glycogen

Animals store glucose in this form, glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle tissue

Subcomponents of Starch

Amylopectin and amylase

why do animals store amylopectin

because its soluble

How to tell if something consists of glucose

Add Benedict and heat the solution. color changes from blue to dark orange

saturated fatty acid

solid at room temp and is straight due to no double bond between the C atoms making shape of molecule straight

Mono-saturated fatty acid

has double bond in chain making it bend.

polyunsaturated

has double double bond in structure, liquid at room temperature (twists)

What are Cis fatty acids

Cis fatty acids are a type of unsaturated fatty acids where the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. This results in a bent or "cis" configuration in the molecule. Cis fatty acids are commonly found in natural fats and oils and are typically liquid at room temperature.

What are Trans fatty acids

Trans fatty acids, also known as trans fats, are a type of unsaturated fat that have been chemically altered through a process called hydrogenation. This process converts liquid oils into solid fats, making them more stable and increasing their shelf life. Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods, such as fried foods, baked goods, and margarine.

energy storage in humans

• storing triglyceride lipids within adipose cells

• lipids have twice the energy than proteins and carbohydrates

• stored glucose as polysaccharides (glycogen) in liver and muscle tissue

What are lipids?

Long-term energy storage molecules, insoluble in water so they don’t upset osmotic balance of solutions

how to tell if something consists of lipids

add sudan as an indicator , color changes from yellow-orange to red

characteristics of proteins

made of amino acids

20 different amino acids

production for proteins are endless

metabolism can change amino acids into other

nitrogen needed to devolpe proteins

chain will fold up

dont like water

DNA - RNA - Protein

linked together by condensation

how to tell if something has proteins

Add buiret to solution, color changes to purple if its positive

insuline

protein hormone created by pancreas resulting in decrease of blood sugar levels and an increase of sugar inside body cells

immunoglobin

antibodies

Rhodopsin

pigment in eye used in low light conditions

collagen

main protein competent of connective tissue which is abundant in skin, tendons and ligaments

Primary sector

order of aminos acids

secondary sector

shape of polypeptide chain

tertiary sector

polypeptide chain folds even moe

quaternary structure

more complex even more folded