Biochemical groupings
nucleic acid - lipids - proteins - carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
Glucose - monosaccharides etc
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Biochemical groupings
nucleic acid - lipids - proteins - carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
Glucose - monosaccharides etc
What are Lipids?
Phospholipid molecules - glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups
What are Proteins?
Insulin & membrane channels, polypeptides
What is Nucleic acid?
DNA - nucleotides
Overall function of biochemical groups
work together to ensure that body cells have access to glucose for their energy needs
Monosaccharides (carbohydrate)
Glucose, Galactose, fructose, ribose
Disaccharides (carbohydrates)
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose
proteins
enzymes, antibodies, peptide hormones
Triglycerides (lipids)
Fat stored in adipose cells
Phospholipids (lipids)
lipids forming a bilayer in cell membrane
Steroids (lipids)
Some hormones
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
What do their interactions mean?
all interaction are referred to as metabolism
What is metabolisms main goal?
The main goal of metabolism is to convert food into energy and essential molecules needed for the body's growth, maintenance, and functioning.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the breaking of a covalent bond in a molecule using water as a reactant.
Galactose + Glucose
Lactose
Starch + water
Glucose
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Triglyceride lipid
Protein + water
Amino acid
What is catabolism
Catabolism is the process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.
what is anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy. It is the process by which cells synthesize complex molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, promoting growth and maintenance of body tissues.
what are polar bonds
Covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen of a single water molecule refers to a polar covalent bond
Which biochemical group is polar?
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid are polar molecules
Monosaccharides
monormer units of carbohydrates and building blocks of disaccharides
trioses (monosaccharides)
containing 3 carbon atoms
Pentose (monosaccharides)
containing 5 carbon atoms
hexoses (monosaccharides)
containing 6 carbon atoms
3 sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Galactose + glucose
lactose
cellulose
major components of plant cell walls, protection, roots, stems and leaves. Can digest.
Glycogen
Animals store glucose in this form, glycogen is stored in the liver and in muscle tissue
Subcomponents of Starch
Amylopectin and amylase
why do animals store amylopectin
because its soluble
How to tell if something consists of glucose
Add Benedict and heat the solution. color changes from blue to dark orange
saturated fatty acid
solid at room temp and is straight due to no double bond between the C atoms making shape of molecule straight
Mono-saturated fatty acid
has double bond in chain making it bend.
polyunsaturated
has double double bond in structure, liquid at room temperature (twists)
What are Cis fatty acids
Cis fatty acids are a type of unsaturated fatty acids where the hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. This results in a bent or "cis" configuration in the molecule. Cis fatty acids are commonly found in natural fats and oils and are typically liquid at room temperature.
What are Trans fatty acids
Trans fatty acids, also known as trans fats, are a type of unsaturated fat that have been chemically altered through a process called hydrogenation. This process converts liquid oils into solid fats, making them more stable and increasing their shelf life. Trans fats are commonly found in processed foods, such as fried foods, baked goods, and margarine.
energy storage in humans
What are lipids?
Long-term energy storage molecules, insoluble in water so they don’t upset osmotic balance of solutions
how to tell if something consists of lipids
add sudan as an indicator , color changes from yellow-orange to red
characteristics of proteins
made of amino acids
20 different amino acids
production for proteins are endless
metabolism can change amino acids into other
nitrogen needed to devolpe proteins
chain will fold up
dont like water
DNA - RNA - Protein
linked together by condensation
how to tell if something has proteins
Add buiret to solution, color changes to purple if its positive
insuline
protein hormone created by pancreas resulting in decrease of blood sugar levels and an increase of sugar inside body cells
immunoglobin
antibodies
Rhodopsin
pigment in eye used in low light conditions
collagen
main protein competent of connective tissue which is abundant in skin, tendons and ligaments
Primary sector
order of aminos acids
secondary sector
shape of polypeptide chain
tertiary sector
polypeptide chain folds even moe
quaternary structure
more complex even more folded