BIO 1011 Spring Final Exam Review

A set of flashcards based on BIO 1011 Spring Final Exam Review Questions 2025.

The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that …

are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)

Telomeres…

get shorter with each round of DNA replication

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called

Chromatin

A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with…

32 chromosomes

A biochemist measured the amount of DNA in cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells doubled…

between the G1 and G2 phases

During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is…

dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin

Which of the following processes does NOT occur in dividing bacteria?

mitosis

Somatic cells in contain __ sets of chromosomes and are therefore termed ___

2, diploid

Humans have 46 chromosomes. This means this number of chromosomes will be found in which of the following?

Skin cells

Which of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is correct?

They have genes for the same traits at the same loci.

In sexual reproduction, the chromosome number remains stable because __ and __ always alternate.

meiosis , fertilization

Sexual and asexual reproduction are alike in that…

they can both occur in multicellular organisms

Which of the following results in cells that contain half the parental chromosome number?

Meiosis

The correct chromosome number and arrangement can be altered or destroyed, resulting in…

Aneuploidy

Mendel used true-breeding pea plants. This means which of the following is correct?

if the plant were allowed to self-pollinate, all of the progeny would have the dominant trait.

Which of the following physically defines an allele? Different alleles are different…

DNA sequences found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.

The offspring of an Aa x AA cross would be…

All of the dominant phenotype

Homologous pairs of chromosomes often…

contain different alleles

A black rabbit is crossed with a white rabbit, and all of the offspring are gray, an intermediate color that is caused by the presence of both black and white hairs. This is an example of genes that are:

Codominant

A single genetic locus that controls more than one trait is said to be…

Pleiotropic

Mendel’s particulate theory of inheritance …

cannot explain epistasis

The genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defective allele that…

encodes a defective chloride-channel membrane transport protein

Griffiths and Avery, in their transformation experiment, determined which of the following?

Material from heat-killed pathogenic bacteria transformed living nonpathogenic bacteria.

Rosalind Franklin used which of these processes to develop a diffraction pattern of DNA?

X-ray diffraction analysis

Which of the following processes are considered semi-conservative?

Replication

Which of the following properly executes the central dogma of biology DNA → RNA → Protein?

B. Transcription

Prokaryotic DNA replication occurs at which of the following sites?

At the origin of replication

Before the work of Hershey and Chase, genetic material was historically believed to be composed of which of the following macromolecules?

Protein

DNA monomers are referred to by which of the following?

Nucleotides

There are __ start codons and ___ stop codons.

1,3

Which of the following components is required for DNA replication?

RNA Primer

Which one of the following statements regarding DNA replication is correct?

Helicases separate the two strands of the double helix, and DNA polymerases then construct two new strands using each of the original strands as templates.

Which of the following attributes of DNA is most crucial to its accurate duplication?

It's specific base pairing through hydrogen bonds

The distribution of organisms across Earth is known as…

Biogeography

Which of the following sent an essay to Darwin explaining his thoughts relating to natural selection. This in turn drove Darwin to co-present the theory of natural selection in 1858.

Alfred Russel Wallace

The scala naturae, or the taxonomical scale of nature, is based on the ideas of which of the following?

Aristotle

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by…

All of the choices are correct.

The ability for humans to select certain traits out of an organism and encourage the amplification of those traits is called selection

Artificial

The frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is …

36%

The frequency of the heterozygote genotype is…

48%

The frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype is …

16%

In a certain group of African people, 4% are born with sickle-cell disease (homozygous recessive). If this group is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the group has the selective advantage of being more resistant to malaria (heterozygous) than those individuals who are homozygous for normal hemoglobin or for sickle-cell disease?

32%

By most naturalists, it is believed that the Earth is years old.

4.5 billion

A population of squirrels is preyed on by small hawks. The smaller squirrels can escape into burrows. The larger squirrels can fight off the hawks. After several generations, the squirrels in the area tend to be very small or very large. What process is responsible for this outcome?

Disruptive Selection

Males and females of the same species differing in traits such as size and color exhibit which of the following?

Sexual dimorphism

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of which of the following?

Directional selection

Which of the following would be the best measure of an organism's fitness?

How many fertile offspring it produces

Which of the following sets of conditions is required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

random mating, no natural selection, and a large population

Stabilizing selection…

favors intermediate variants in a population

Identification of new species by differences in their appearance is considered the species concept.

Morphological

Evolution tends to act at which of the following levels?

Population

Allele frequencies can be altered by which of the following?

all of the above

Which of the following mechanisms can form entirely new alleles?

mutations

The blue-footed boobies are known for their elaborate courtship dance displaying bright blue feet. Seagulls do not respond to this display and therefore would never mate with these birds. This is an example of a…

Pre-zygotic, behavioral isolation

A well-known cross between a female horse and a male donkey produces a mule. Mules are generally sterile and cannot produce offspring. This is an example of…

Post-zygotic, hybrid sterility

Which of the following is an environmental factor that encourages reproductive isolation due to geographical barriers?

Allopatric speciation

Which of the following is a post-zygotic barrier to speciation?

The zygote is not viable

All the following represent microevolution by artificial selection except…

Grizzly bears and polar bears mating due to shortage of ice floes

Two species of birds share the same habitat, are active at the same time of day, and have identical courtship behaviors. If a male and female meet in nature, which of the following is most likely to occur?

None of these choices are correct

The binomial system developed by Linnaeus assigns to each organism a unique name that describes its

Genus and species

A taxon…

is a formal grouping at any given level

Which of the following domains is prokaryotic?

Archaea

Which of the following traits would be considered a derived trait in primates?

opposable thumb

A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would be a hypothesis about which of the following?

evolutionary relationships among bird families

Which of the following would be the LEAST useful in determining the relationships among various species?

analogous structures

Parsimony refers to which of the following?

The simplest explanation is the best one.

A cladogram is which of the following?

A hypothetical evolutionary history

Plasmids …

all of the above responses are correct.

A bacteria that use light for its energy source and CO2 for its carbon source would be considered a …

photoautotroph

The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not O2) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n)…

obligate anaerobic chemoheterotroph

Which of the following would be the prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake?

extreme halophiles

Which of the following is an ecological relationship that involves one organism living at the expense of another organism?

Parasitism

Viruses that infect bacteria are known by which of the following?

bacteriophages

If a virus infects an E. coli cell, what part of the virus enters the bacterial cytoplasm?

the nucleic acid only

In the lytic life cycle of a phage, which of the following is correct?

the cell typically dies, releasing many copies of the virus

A prophage would be considered which of the following?

viral genome that has been incorporated into a bacterial cell's chromosome

How do retroviruses, such as HIV, differ from other viruses?

They can transcribe a DNA copy from an RNA template.

Which of the following acts as a natural reservoir for viruses such as Influenza A?

Birds

Prions are __that are thought to cause disease by ___.

abnormally shaped proteins … inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form

Which of the following is in the correct order?

Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release

Which of these are found in all viruses?

Capsid and nucleic acid

Viruses are considered nonliving due to which of the following?

they cannot reproduce independently

Bacteria reproduce by which of the following means?

binary fission

Which of the following best describes a virus?

obligate intracellular parasites

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found within which type of viruses?

Retroviruses

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a resistant form of bacteria that resulted from the overuse of which of the following?

antibiotics

The unique molecule that is a protein sugar complex whereby bacteria are classified is know as…

Peptidoglycan

Why do bodies of water tend to moderate climate?

The hydrogen bonding in water gives it a high specific heat.

Why are many of the world's deserts located at latitudes between 30°N and 30°S?

Dry air, originating at the equator, descends toward Earth's surface between 30°N latitude and 30°S latitude.

Which of the following statements about biomes is correct?

The major factors affecting the distribution of biomes are temperature and precipitation.

This region is where the female queen bee stores the sperm collected from multiple males

Spermatheca

Permafrost is characteristic of which biome?

Tundra

Which biome is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth?

Coniferous Forest

This family containing bees, ants, and wasps are defined by membranous wings.

Hymenoptera

This destructive pest is a parasitic mite that feeds on hemolymph of bees and can also transmit viruses.

Varroa destructor

Which of these does NOT serve as a characteristic of eusocial insects?

The presence of sterile males within the hive

Which of these demonstrates top-down control on an ecosystem

A inhibited rainfall establishing a desert

Which of the following did Sillman do to test the top-down effect?

Establishing plots with snails and those without snails.

Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind are the major components of which of the following?

Climate

In which of the following biomes would you expect decomposers to work most rapidly and efficiently?

Tropical Rainforest