Fluid,- Ms P

Flashcards based on lecture notes about Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances.

What are several functions of water in the body?

Water is vital for maintaining body temperature, removing wastes, protecting the brain and fetus, lubricating joints, transporting nutrients, and maintaining eye pressure.

Which body compartment contains the most water?

The intracellular compartment contains the most water.

Why does diarrhea cause a fluid deficit more rapidly than coughing?

Diarrhea causes a more rapid fluid deficit than coughing due to the large volume of fluid, electrolytes, and proteins lost.

What is the function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?

Regulates fluid, sodium, and potassium levels.

What are the causes of edema?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, and increased capillary permeability.

What are the effects of edema?

Swelling, weight gain, pale or red skin, pitting edema, functional impairment, pain, impaired arterial circulation, and dental complications.

What is dehydration?

Insufficient body fluid due to inadequate intake or excessive loss, often measured by change in body weight.

How does hydrostatic pressure help in kidney function?

Hydrostatic pressure in the nephrons helps in filtering blood and forming urine in the kidneys.

What are the causes of dehydration?

Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, insufficient water intake, and concentrated formula in infants.

What are the effects of dehydration?

Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, lower blood pressure, weak pulse, fatigue, increased hematocrit, and decreased mental function.

What is third-spacing of fluid?

Third-spacing is when fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue and can no longer reenter the vascular compartment.

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A cation is a positive ion formed when an atom loses electrons; an anion is a negative ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

Losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea; use of diuretics with low-salt diet; hormonal imbalances; excessive water intake.

What are the effects of hyponatremia?

Fluid imbalance in compartments, fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, decreased osmotic pressure in ECF, cerebral edema, confusion, headache, weakness, seizures.

What are the causes of hypernatremia?

Insufficient ADH, loss of thirst mechanism, watery diarrhea, prolonged rapid respiration, ingestion of large amounts of sodium without enough water.

What are the effects of hypernatremia?

Weakness, agitation, dry mucous membranes, edema, increased thirst, increased blood pressure.

What are the causes of hypokalemia?

Excessive losses from diarrhea, diuretics, excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids, decreased dietary intake, treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin.

What are the effects of hypokalemia?

Cardiac dysrhythmias, interference with neuromuscular function, decreased digestive tract motility, shallow respirations, failure to concentrate urine.

What are the causes of hyperkalemia?

Renal failure, deficit of aldosterone, potassium-sparing diuretics, leakage of intracellular potassium, displacement of potassium from cells by acidosis.

What are the effects of hyperkalemia?

Cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, paralysis, impaired neuromuscular activity, fatigue, nausea, paresthesias.

What are the causes of hypocalcemia?

Hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption syndrome, deficient serum albumin, increased serum pH level, renal failure.

What are the effects of hypocalcemia?

Increase in nerve membrane permeability, spontaneous stimulation of skeletal muscle, muscle twitching, tetany, weak heart contractions, delayed conduction, dysrhythmias, decreased blood pressure.

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones; neoplasms; hyperparathyroidism; demineralization caused by immobility; increased calcium intake; excessive vitamin D; milk-alkali syndrome.

What are the effects of hypercalcemia?

Depressed neuromuscular activity, muscle weakness, lethargy, stupor, personality changes, anorexia, nausea, interference with ADH function, decreased renal function, increased strength in cardiac contractions, dysrhythmias.

What are the causes of magnesium imbalances?

Hypomagnesemia results from malabsorption or malnutrition, often associated with alcoholism; hypermagnesemia occurs with renal failure.

What are the causes of phosphate imbalances?

Hypophosphatemia is caused by malabsorption syndromes, diarrhea, excessive antacids; hyperphosphatemia is caused by renal failure.

What are the causes of chloride imbalances?

Hypochloremia is usually associated with alkalosis and early stages of vomiting; hyperchloremia is caused by excessive sodium chloride intake.

What is Acidosis and Alkalosis?

Acidosis is an abnormal condition due to excess of acid in blood that cause the pH to drop below 7.35. Alkalosis is an abnormal condition due to excess of base in blood that cause the pH to rise above 7.45.

What are the major buffer systems in the body?

Sodium bicarbonate–carbonic acid system, phosphate, hemoglobin, and protein.

What are the types of acid-base imbalances?

Respiratory acidosis involves an increase in carbon dioxide levels, metabolic acidosis involves a decrease in bicarbonate ions, respiratory alkalosis involves a decrease in carbon dioxide levels, and metabolic alkalosis involves a loss of hydrogen ions.

What effect does reduced blood flow through the kidneys have on serum pH?

Reduced blood flow through the kidneys decreases serum pH because the kidney cannot excrete as much acid or produce as much base bicarbonate ion for buffering.