Anatomy & Physiology Test #3

chapters 9 - 12 - joints + articulations - characteristics of muscle - nervous system: CNS,PNS, and ENS - Neuroglial Cells + Myelin Sheath

Articulations

Another word for joint?

Joints or Articulations

Location where 2 or more bones meet

What determines the amount of movement in a joint?

Anatomical structure

How does a joint get it’s name ?

Bones involved

Joints classification

1.) Which bones are bound to each other ?

2.) How freely do they move?

Major Category Of Joints

1.)Bony Joints

2.)Fibrous Joints

3.)Cartilaginous joints

4.)Synovial Joints

Another word for Synastosis Joint?

Bony Joint

3 kinds of Fibrous Joints?

1.)Sutures

2.)Gomphoses

3.)Syndemosis

Fibrous Joint

Adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers that come out of 1 bone cross the space between them and penetrate into the other.

Sutures

• immovable

• bind bones in skull together

3 types of sutures?

1. Serate = interlock , wavy lines

2. Lap ( squamous) = overlapping beveled edges

3. Plane ( butt) = straight dont over lap

Serate suture

interlock , wavy lines

Lap ( Sqamous) Stuture

overlapping beveled edges

Plane (butt) Suture

straight dont overlap

Gomphoses

atttaches a tooth in its socket

what type of ligament holds a tooth?

Peridontal Ligament

Syndemosis

• 2 bones bound together by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or Gomphosis

• bone has mobility

• unites radius and ulna

• tibia and fibula

collagenous fibers longer than in a suture or Gomphosis

syndemosis

Unites radius and ulna

most moveable syndemosis

Tibia and fibula

less moveable syndemosis

Another word for Cartilaginous Joint?

Amphirathosis Joint

Cartilaginous Joints

• 2 bones linked by cartilage

• 2 types: synchondrosis & symphysis

Synchondrosis

• bound by hyaline cartilage

• Old transforms this joint into fibrous joint

symphysis

2 bones joined by fibrocartilage

ex.) pubic symphysis & intervertebral disc

Another word for Synovial joint ?

Diarthroisis Joints

Synovial Joints

• most are freely movable

• most important for physical + occupational therapists, coaches, nurses , and trainers

components of a synovial joint

1. Articular Cartilage

2. Joint Capsule

3. Synovial Membrane

4. Joint Cavity

Articular Cartilage

Covers bones at the joint + layer of hyaline cartlage

Joint capsule

• A sac that holds the articular ends of the bones in a joint

• Reinforced with tendons + ligaments

• made of dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial Membrane

• Clear fluid ( Synovial fluid) is produced here

• Nourishes the articular cartilage and removes waste

• Makes synovial joint movement almost friction free

Synovial Fluid

• Lubricates , distributes, and absorbs shock

Tendon

Muscle to Bone

Ligament

Bone to Bone

Bursa

• Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

• Cushion, Modify direction, helps tendons slide easily over joints

Tendon sheaths

Stretched Bursa wrapped around a tendon

• in hand and foot

Joint Cavity

seperates articular surfaces

Types of Synovial Joints

1. Ball and Socket

2. Condyloid (Ellipsoid)

3. Saddle

4. Plane ( Glidding )

5. Hinge

6. Pivot

Ball and Socket Joint

Circular head into cup like socket

The shoulder and hip joints are examples of what type of synovial joint?

Ball and Socket

• greatest range of motion

• bursae help reduce friction

• frequently dislocated

Only multiaxial joints in the body?

The shoulder and hip joints

Another word for Condyloid Joint?

Ellipsoid

Condyloid Joint

Oval convex surface of one bone fits into perfectly shaped depression of another.

ex.) Radiocarpel joints

metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of fingers

Biaxial Joints

movement in 2 planes

Biaxial joint that is more moveable than a condyloid or hinge

saddle joints

Saddle joints

bones have articular surfaces that are shaped like “saddles”, concave in 1 direction and convex in the other.

ex. steroclavicular joint - clavicle articulates with sternum

Plane joint also known as

glidding joints

plane joints

• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slides over each other with relativley limited movements

• biaxial joint

The carpal bones in the wrist and tarsal bone of the ankle are examples of what synovial joint?

Plane joints

Hinge joints

• 1 bone convex surface fits into a concave depression of another

• monoaxial joint

The following joints are example of what synovial joint?

1. elbow = ulna + humerus

2. knee = femur + tibia

3. finger and toe

hinge joints

monoaxial joint

moves freely in 1 plane

Pivot joints

• 1 bone projection that is held in place by a ring like ligament

• spins on its longitudinal axis

• ex. dens of axis and atlas

Zero position

anatomical position

• joints described as leaving (abduction) or returning (adduction) to zero position

Flexion

Decrease the angle of a joint

Hyperextension

Extend pass anatomical position

extension

Increase the angle of a joint

Lateral flexion

refers to bending the vertebral column to the side

Dorsiflexion

upward movement of foot and/or toes

Plantar flexion

movement extending the ankle, as in standing on tiptoe

Adbuction

away from midline

Adduction

toward midline or reference point

Circumduction

moving a body part so that the disital end traces a circle while the proximal end stays in one position

• think making a circle with your arm

Shoulder Dislocation

Downward displacement

• often occurs when arm is abducted and hit from above.

knee supporting structures

1. Quadriceps

2. Patellar Ligament

3. Medial + Lateral Menisici

4. Medial collateral Ligament (MCL)

5. Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

6. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

7. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

what does the ACL stop?

Hyperflexion

what does the PCL stop?

Hyperextension

ACL Origin & Insertion

Anterior Tibia

Posterior Femur

PCL Origin & Insertion

Posterior Tibia

Anterior Femur

Quadriceps Tendon

Rectus Femoris to Patella

Patellar Ligament

Patella to Tibial Tuberosity

Fibular collateral ligament

A.K.A Lateral collateral ligament

provides lateral support

Tibial collateral

A.K.A Medial Collateral Ligament

provides medial support

unhappy Triad

1. Anterior cruciate ligament

2. Medial Menicus

3. Medial collateral ligament

Medial + Lateral Menisci

• pair of fibrocartilage pads

• between femoral and tibial surfaces

what is the most common injury?

ACL

Arthroscopy

Interior joint viewed with a pencil thin arthroscope through a small incision

Arthritis

inflammation in a joint

Reumatologists

treat arthritis

osteoarthritis (OA)

• most common form of arthritis

• “wear and tear”

• hyaline cartilage

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

• Autoimmune attack joint tissue

• likes women

• attack synovial membrane , fluid degrades articular cartilage joints ossify

arthroplasty

repalce joint

• prosthesis

Characteristics of muscles

1. responsiveness

2. conductivity

3. contractility

4. elasticity

Responsiveness

chemical signals stretch and electrical changes cross plasma membranes

Conductivity

electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along muscle fiber

Contactility

shortens when stimulated

elasticity

returning to its original rested length after stretched

fasica

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

endomysium pairs with

myofiber / muscle cells

perimysium pairs with

fasicle / fasiculus

epimysium pairs with

muscle

sacromere

functional unit of muscle

multiple sclerosis

scaring of the mylein

oligodendrocytes

produce mylein

Sarcolemma

• muscle fiber

• plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Sacroplasma

cytoplasma of muscle fiber

myofibris

long protein bundle , occupies main portion in sacroplasma

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Smooth ER around each myofibal

• calcium reservoir

Myosin

• golf club shaped

• 2 chain intertwined

• double gobular head

• protein

Fibrous Actin

2 intertwined strands both have active site that can bind to head of myosin

• protein

Tropmysosin

Responsible for CA (calcium) ions rushing into a cell to create contraction

• protein