HOA4 Prelims Part2 - Precolonial Architecture of Mindanao

Based from Powerpoints Presentation by CAvendaño and Edited by Ar. Caryn Paredes-Santillan, ME, D.Engg, January 2024 of University of Santo Tomas. Copyright. History of Architecture 4.

Mindanao

Southern Philippines, 2nd Largest Island, The Philippines’ Land of Promise

Maguindanao

Mindanao is a Spanish corruption of the name of the _____ people, the dominant ruling ethnic group in the Sultanate of Maguindanao in southwestern Mindanao

Lumads and Islamic/Muslim

2 Basic Ethnic Groups in Mindanao

Lumads

Cebuano term meaning native or indigenous. Group of non-Islamized neither Muslim or Christian) indigenous peoples of the southern Philippines.

Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in hinterlands, forests, lowlands and coastal areas

Islamic/Muslim

Multilingual ethnic group and the largest mainly non-Christian ethnic group in the Philippine.

Moros

Derogatory term as dubbed by the Spanish (who were frequently raided by the Moors)

Pork

What is not eaten and is considered as taboo under the Quran

T’boli

South Cotabato & Sultan Kudarat Provinces; Live in harmony with nature with a colorful lifestyle through their outfits, dances and music; Women are fully ornamented; Women are not allowed to flirt or they will be killed – so they find expression in music and dance; Men can have 5-6 wives, depending on his income; Wives can all stay in one house together; If a wife wants to be independent, she may move to a different house.

Tinalak

unusual tie-dyed and woven abaca cloth used for dresses during ceremonies and festivities. Use a varietyof musical instruments: drum, agong, kulintang, bamboo zither, flute, hegalong

Hegalong

A long, slender and spindle- shaped two stringed guitar.

Guno Bong

Located near the banks of Lake Sebu or on a hilly portions; House vary according to difference in economic stability; As polygamy is practiced - adds to the number of residents in a house; 3 - 4 houses form a cluster. Rectangular house which looks like a roof on stilts; Remain cool in tropical weather because it is elevated on stilts and has a roof with overhang.

Dos Aguas Roof

Bamboo frames and thatch

Badjao

People in the archipelago of Sulu, Tawi-tawi

Maranao

"lake-like“, "by or near the lake, " or "lake dwellers". Term refers to the native people living around Lake Lanao, or an the hilly “dry areas” near a water source; Homes are lined along rivers, lake shores and roads;

Lawig

Major Building Typologies; Small Houses

Mala-a walai

Major Building Typologies; Large Houses, a necessity in the polygamous culture

Torogan

Major Building Typologies; Ancestral Home of the upper class

Ranggar

Major Building Typologies; Small Islamic Prayer Housed that is located in the community

Mala-a Walai

Rectangular measuring about 7.5 x 18 m. or smaller, One big room with no ceiling and no permanent partitions. Spatial divisions and functions are marked by movable objects such as chest, mats, brass trays. Sleeping area is filled with bundles of rice stalks which are changed every harvest, covered with riyara (woven mat) to prevent mildew.

Riyara

Woven Mat

Kinansad

Porch - usually fenced with bamboo to prevent children from falling off.

Silong

Space below the house – walled with split bamboo woven in crisscross pattern.

Torogan

Usually located inside a Kota or Fort; Residence of the Muslim chief – datu or sultan. Sovereignty over the sultanates; Ancestral home of the upper class for keeping their young daughters hidden, Exclusive right to the okir; Built by slaves, No other structures should be bigger than this structure.

Royalty

Pegawidan

Governed

Pegawid

Slaves

Oripen Bisaya

Bunga Trees

massive posts (tukod) simply rest on the ground; signify power; can be carved

Flooring

Barimbingan

Walls

Gisuk

Tapuwilih

Center Post - is put first followed by four big tukud (Corner Post)

Tukud

Corner Post

Tinai a walai

Center beam - “intestine of the house” holds up the king post of the roof.

Front

This side of the window of Mala-a walai is used to watch neighbors pass by

Right

This side of the windows of Mala-a walai is used to check on the carabao which is usually kept in the corral below the house at night

Okir/ Okil/ Ukkil

Carving usually features the naga or serpent as well as floral and star and bud motifs. Central to all visual arts of the Muslim groups; Refers to both the act of carving or engraving and to a particular type of curvilinear design which combines scrolls, leaf and vine elements organized in varying methods of abstract compositions;

Siyabit

Design on cloth and mats from Sulu, Include geometrical and angular decorative woven designs on various surfaces.

Okir-a-dato

Gentlemen’s art – curvilinear motif on a man’s work on wood and other hard surfaces and engraving on metal.

Okir-a-One of the most important

features of a torogan houseBai

Ladies’ art – geometrical configurations found on the hand-woven textiles or mats produced by women

Panolong

One of the most important features of a Torogan house, Row of projecting beams carved to resemble a prow (in a ship) or wings and are carved with ornate motifs; Extended floor beams; Usually five in front and two smaller ones on the sides

Maguindanao

“People of the flood plains" - inhabit the broad Pulangi River valley and delta which occasionally flood; Roots in the 15th c., center of power was Buayan (now Gen. Santos); Domain used to include: North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat,Dapitan, and Zamboanga; Largest Group of Muslims; Agriculture, fishing and weaving fine mats and baskets; Civil wars in 1860s caused Cotabato to be ceded to the Spanish

Astana Putih

White Palace (capital) of the Sultanate of Sulu; Protected by stone forts (kota/kuta) managed by secondary datus and in located in the Jolo interior; Use of okir carving and cloth decoration

Daru Jambangan

Largest royal palace built in the Philippines; Daru Jambangan (Palace of Flowers) in Maimbung, Sulu; Destroyed by a typhoon in 1932; Small replica of the palace was made in a nearby town in the 2010s

Also called Suluk, Tausug means “people of the current”; Ethnic group of the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia ; Originally from the independent Sulu Sultanate; Communities are called banwa; panglima (leader); mangungubat (shaman)

Leader

Role of Panglima in Tausug Communities

Shaman

Role of Mangungubat in Tausug Communities

Known as seafarers, but build their houses on land, Cluster housing are typical and may have more than 20-100 or more houses, Settlements vary according to: Interior Farmers and Shore-dwellers

Tau gimba

Interior Farmers Settlements in Tausug are called?

Tau higad

Shore-Dwellers Settlements - along the coast in Tausug are called?

Bay Sinug

One-room house includes a pantan (elevated porch), and separate kitchen; Rectangular room raised on 6 to 8 piles and surrounded by a series of pantans that lead to a separate kitchen; Constructed from lumber, bamboo and sawali (bamboo matting). Traditional house rests on nine post each signifying a part of the body – neck, shoulders, navel, ribs, groin and hips

Sawali

Bamboo Matting

Pantan

Elevated Porch

Tajuk Pasung

Distinguishing feature of the Bay Sinug; elaborately carved wooden finial placed at one or both ends of the roof ridge

Hag Ha Gitung

Placement of Ground Post in Tausug House - middle post - the left rib, right rib, and groin

Hag Ha Dugu

Placement of Ground Post in Tausug House - corner post. the left hip, left shoulder, right hip, right shoulder

Pipul

Placement of Ground Post in Tausug House - center post - the navel

Pantan

Parts of a Bay Sinug; Elevated Open Space

Lawang

Parts of a Bay Sinug; Door

Dagtong

Parts of a Bay Sinug; Bamboo Water Containers

Pang Gong

Parts of a Bay Sinug; Recieving Area where guest are entertained

Gibayan

Parts of a Bay Sinug; Main House

Yakan

Dayak origin; from Basilan and Zamboanga; Dialect: Bissa Yakan; Horse culture; Strong weaving tradition; Yakan women do their weaving (back-tension loom) inside the open room.

Sameacas

The Spaniards called the Yakan, "_____" and considered theman aloof and sometimes hostile hill people

Lumah/Luma

Traditional Yakan house which faces the east; 3 main components: main house, kitchen, and porch. Rectangular with floor area of about 30-100 sq.m. Elevated on piles with stilts 2-3 m. in height; Bridge connecting the kitchen and the main house. Pantan (porch) is the main entry to the house (open or roofed), also the main wooden ladder is located here.

Kokan

Sleeping Area of a Lumah

Tindakan

Living Space of a Lumah

Kosina

Kitchen of a Lumah

Angkap

Mezzanine of a Lumah

Tandiwan

Window of a Lumah

Harren

Ladder of a Lumah

Sapiaw

Roof - is made of a steeply pitched cogon on bamboo or timber frames.

Samal/Sama

Is a derivative of the word "Sama-sama" meaning togetherness - described as a cohesive and peace loving people.

Samal House

These are usually built along coastal settlements for two reasons: Sanitation, because of the natural movement of the tide and Easy escape from enemies through ready vintas or boats; Houses on foreshore or directly over tidal mudflats or reefs; Constructed over tambak or pile of coral stone; Joined together to the shore or to one another by a maze of catwalks and bridges of timber and split bamboo; In Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi - some houses do not have catwalks but small boats are used to move a person from one house to the other or to the town.

Badjao

Sea gypsies of the south; Oppressed tribe and referred to as palao or lumaan (God forsaken) name given by Sama and Tausug neighbors.Also called Samal Laus (Sea Sama); Found in many coastal settlements dotting the Sulu archipelago, particularly in Jolo, Tawi-Tawi and Sitangkai

Badjao Landhouse

This House stands alone on an expanse of water and is reached only by boat. It is not joined by bridges or catwalks to the shore or other houses.

Use shelters as a means of travel which they usually do in groups; Mobile shelter which allows them to flee to safe grounds in the event of typhoon or pirate attacks

Man-made island

Sayrap

Woven coconut leaves

Badjao Houseboats

Lepa. Jengnging. Sappy. Dapang, Vinta are examples of

Lepa Houseboat

No outriggers, Loose and has detachable, long poles attached, Kadjang – nipa roof

Kadjang

Nipa Roof of a Lepa Houseboat is called?

Jengnging Houseboat

House structure is walled on sides by wooden boards with windows and door openings; Use of G.I. sheets for roofing of up to 3 ft./ 0.90m. for the Badjaos to squat while inside; Size depends on family economic status; “Floating barong-barong of the Southern sea”

Jengnging Houseboat

“Floating barong-barong of the Southern sea”

Dapang Houseboat

Comes in varied sizes and lengths; Fitted with outriggers and used not only for shelter but also for fishing; Boat prows are usually decorated with okir / okil / ukkil designs

Balangay

Biniday or barangay; Excavated in Butuan by the National Museum in 1978, estimated to be at least 1,689 years; Used as dwellings, cargo boats and warships; Capable of accommodating an entire family of around 50 people. An ancient wooden hulled boat used by Filipinos seafarers for travel and trade 1700 years ago; Built again to sail around the world by a Filipinos team from Kaya ng Pinoy Foundation, who scaled Mount Everest in 2006 and 2007. The Voyage of Balangay took place from 2009 to 2013.

Balangay

Houseboat known as Biniday or Barangay

Masjid/Maskid

Place of Worship; Holds the Friday noon assembly prayers and observance. Larger and more prominent, has a stone foundation near a body of water

Ranggar/Langgal

Place of Worship; Tausugs, Samal, and Yakans; Refers to a small mosque made to accommodate a small number of devotees for daily prayers; Small, semi-permanent chapel built for convenience of worshippers who live far away from the masjid; For afternoon prayers and assembly at least once a week and during Ramadan season.

The Masjid of Simunul, Tawi

Is considered the oldest Mosque in the Philippines.

Sheik Al Makdum

The Masjid of Simunul, Tawi has the old structure that is actually inside the building. The burial ground of _____, the missionary who brought Islam to this part of Asia lies just beside this mosque.