A&P Quiz 10 (Ch 28 pt 3)

Uterine Tubes

extend from area of the ovary to the uterus, aka fallopian tubes and oviduct, at the superior border of the broad ligament, open directly into the peritoneal cavity, receives the secondary oocyte after ovulation

Mesosalpinx

portion of the broad ligament directly associated with the uterine tube

4 Regions of Uterine Tubes

infundibulum

ampulla

isthmus

uterine (intramural) part

Infundibulum

expanded region of uterine tubes near opening (ovary)

Fimbriae

long thin process surrounding the opening of the infundibulum, lined with ciliated mucous membrane to help move oocytes into uterine tube

Ampulla

portion of the uterine tube near the infundibulum, widest longest part of the tube, location where fertilization usually occurs

Isthmus

portion of the uterine tubes nearest the uterus, narrower with thicker walls

Uterine (Intramural) Part

portion of uterine tubes that passes through the uterine wall and ends in a very small uterine opening

3 Layers of Uterine Tube Wall

serosa

muscular layer

mucosa

Serosa of Uterine Tube Wall

outer layer formed by the visceral peritoneum

Muscular Layer of Uterine Tube Wall

middle layer of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle cells

Mucosa Layer of Uterine Tube Wall

inner layer consisting of mucous membrane and simple ciliated columnar epithelium, arranged into numerous longitudinal folds, provide nutrients for the oocyte or developing embryo, cilia help move small amounts of fluid and the oocyte or embryo through

Uterus

size and shape of a medium sized pear, 7.5 cm long and 5 cm wide

4 External Regions of Uterus

fundus

body

isthmus

cervix

Fundus

larger rounded superior part of uterus

Body

main part in the middle of the uterus

Isthmus

slight constriction at the junction between the body and the cervix of the uterus

Cervix

narrowed inferior part of the uterus, lined with columnar epithelium

3 Internal Regions of the Uterus

uterine cavity

cervical canal

uterine ostium

Uterine Ostium

internal region of the uterus that opens into the vagina

Anteverted

tipped slightly anteriorly, describes the normal state of the uterus

4 Uterine Supports

broad ligament

round ligament

uterosacral ligament

skeletal muscle of the pelvic floor

Broad Ligament

supports uterus, peritoneal fold extending from the lateral margins of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis, surrounds and supports the ovaries and the uterine tubes

Round Ligaments

supports uterus, extends from the uterus through the inguinal canals to the labia majora

Uterosacral Ligaments

supports uterus, attach the lateral wall of the uterus to the sacrum

3 Layers of Uterine Wall

perimetrium

myometrium

endometrium

Perimetrium

serous layer, visceral peritoneum covering the uterus

Myometrium

muscular middle layer of uterine wall, composed of thick layer of smooth muscle, accounts for bulk of uterine wall, thickest layer of smooth muscle in the body, less smooth muscle and more dense connective tissue in the wall of the cervix

Endometrium

inner layer of uterine wall, mucous membrane composed of simple columnar epithelium and connective tissue (lamina propria)

4 Things Found in Endometrium

spiral glands

basal layer

functional layer

spiral arteries

Spiral Glands

in endometrium of uterus, simple tubular glands scattered in the lamina propria and opening through the epithelium into the uterine cavity

Basal Layer

in endometrium of uterus, deepest part of the lamina propria continuous with the myometrium

Functional Layer

in endometrium of uterus, thicker layer consisting of most of the lamina propria and endothelium lining the uterine cavity

Spiral Arteries

in endometrium of uterus, small vessels of the lamina propria that supply the functional layer that are important in the cycle changes

Uterine Wall Diagram

Cervical Mucous Glands

found in the lining of the cervical canal, secrete mucous that fills the cervical canal and act as a barrier to substances from entering the uterus, around ovulation the mucus consistency changes to make it easier for sperm to enter the uterus

Vagina

female organ of copulation, receives penis during intercourse, allows menstrual flow and childbirth, 10 cm long

3 Features of Vagina

columns

rugae

fornix

Columns

longitudinal ridges extending the length of the anterior and posterior vaginal walls

Rugae

several transverse ridges extend between the anterior and posterior columns of the vagina

Fornix

superior domed part of the vagina that is attaches to the sides of the cervix

2 Layers of Vaginal Wall

outer muscular layer

inner mucous membrane

Outer Muscular Layer

smooth muscle that allows the vagina to increase in size, accommodate penis during intercourse, stretch greatly during childbirth

Inner Mucous Membrane

moist stratified squamous epithelium forming a protective surface

Vaginal Wall

two layers, lubricating fluid passes through the epithelium into the vagina, increases during intercourse

Hymen

thin mucous membrane covering the vaginal opening (orifice), can completely close vaginal opening but must be removed to allow menstrual flow, usually perforated by one or several holes

Altered States of Hymen

can be enlarged during first sexual intercourse, can be perforated by activities such as strenuous physical exercise

Vulva (Pudendum)

female external genitalia, consists of 4 regions

4 Regions of Vulva

vestibule

labia minora

clitoris

prepuce

Vestibule

region of vulva, space into which the vagina (posterior) and urethra (anterior) open

Labia Minora

region of vulva, long thin longitudinal skin folds that form the border on each side of the vestibule

Clitoris (simple)

region of vulva, small erectile structure at the anterior margin of the vestibule

Prepuce

region of vulva, fold of skin covering the clitoris where the labia majora unite

Clitoris

less than 2 cm in length, consists of a shaft and distal glands, contains numerous sensory receptors to initiate and intensify levels of sexual sensation

Corpora Cavernosa

two erectile tissue structures of the clitoris, expansion in diameter allows for better contact between clitoris and prepuce for stimulation

Crus of the Clitoris

formed by expansion bases of the corpora cavernosa that attach to the pelvic bones

Bulb of the Vestibule

erectile tissue lies deep to and on the lateral margins of the vestibular floor of either side of the vaginal orifice, expansion causes narrowing of the vaginal orifice allowing for increased contact of vagina and penis during intercourse

Female External Genital Glands

secrete fluid into the vestibule to prevent drying

2 Glands of Female External Genitalia

greater vestibular glands

lesser vestibular (paraurethral) glands

Greater Vestibular Glands

ducts on either side of the vestibule between the vaginal opening and the labia minora

Lesser Vestibular (Paraurethral) Glands

small mucous glands located near the clitoris and urethral opening

Labia Majora

two prominent round folds of skin, lateral to the labia minora, composed of subcutaneous adipose tissue, untie anteriorly to form the mons pubis over the pubic symphysis, lateral surface (and mons pubis) are covered with coarse hair, medial surfaces covered with numerous sebaceous and sweat glands

Pudendal Cleft

space between two labia majora, usually closed as the labia majora are in contact

Perineum

divided into two triangles by superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles

2 Triangles of Perineum

urogenital

anal

Urogenital Triangle

region of perineum that contains external genitalia

Anal Triangle

region of perineum that contains anal opening

Clinical Perineum

region between the vagina and anus, can be torn during childbirth

Episiotomy

incision in the clinical perineum

4 Regions of Breast

nipple

areola

areolar glands

suspensory (cooper) ligaments

Nipple

region of breast, raised external structure surrounded by the areola, highly sensitive to tactile stimulation, contains smooth muscle cells that contract causing the nipples to become erect in response to stimulation (touch, cold, sexual arousal)

Areola

region of breast, pigmented region

Areolar Glands

region of breast, just below the surface of the areola that create slightly bumpy surface, rudimentary mammary glands, secretions lubricate and protect the nipple and areola during nursing

Suspensory (Cooper) Ligaments

region of breast, support and hold the breast in place, extend from fascia over the pectoralis major muscles to the skin over the mammary glands to prevent excessive sagging

Breast Before Puberty

general structure is similar in both males and females, have rudimentary glandular system of mainly ducts and few alveoli

Breast During Puberty

female breast enlarges under influence of estrogen and progesterone

Gynecomastia

enlargement of male breasts

Mammary Glands

organs of milk production, located within breasts, modified sweat glands, 15-20 glandular lobes covered in adipose tissue, form conical mass with nipple at the apex, lobes are divided into lobules supplied by smaller ducts

Lactiferous Duct

one in each lobe of the mammary glands, opens on the surface of the nipple

Lactiferous Sinus

enlarged region of the lactiferous duct just deep to the surface that accumulate milk during lactation

Alveoli

secretory sacs at the ends of small ducts in mammary glands

Myoepithelial Cells

surround alveoli in mammary glands and contract to expel milk

In Nonlactating Glands

only duct system is present

Regulation of Female Reproduction

under hormonal and nervous control, hormones regulate development of female reproductive organs and their normal function

8 Hormones of Female Reproduction

estrogen

progesterone

gnrh

fsh

lh

prolactin

ncg

oxytocin

Estrogen Derivatives

includes estradiol, estrone, estriol

GnRH in Female Reproduction

stimulates production of fsh and lh

LH in Female Reproduction

causes follicles to complete maturation and undergo ovulation, causes ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum

FSH in Female Reproduction

causes follicles to begin development

Prolactin in Female Reproduction

stimulates milk secretion following childbirth

Estrogen in Female Reproduction

causes proliferation of endometrial cells

causes development of mammary glands

development of secondary sexual characteristics

positive feedback before ovulation that increases lh and fsh secretion

negative feedback after ovulation that decreases lh and fsh secretion

Progesterone in Female Reproduction

causes hypertrophy of endometrial cells and secretion of fluid from uterine glands, helps maintain pregnancy

causes development of mammary glands

has negative feedback effect after ovulation that decreases lh and fsh secretion

causes development of secondary sexual characteristics

Oxytocin in Female Reproduction

causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle during intercourse and childbirth, causes contraction of myoepithelial cells in breast resulting in milk letdown

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) in Female Reproduction

maintains corpus luteum and increase its rate of progesterone secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy, increases testosterone production in testes of male fetuses