54 Polysystemic Protozoal Diseases

a. toxoplasmosis

d. cytauxzoonosis

Select the systemic protozoal diseases that have its main effects on cats:

a. toxoplasmosis

b. babesiosis

c. leishmaniasis

d. cytauxzoonosis

e. hepatozoonosis

f. neosporosis

b. babesiosis

c. leishmaniasis

e. hepatozoonosis

f. neosporosis

Select the systemic protozoal diseases that have its main effects on dogs:

a. toxoplasmosis

b. babesiosis

c. leishmaniasis

d. cytauxzoonosis

e. hepatozoonosis

f. neosporosis

Toxoplasmosis

What is one of the most prevalent parasites infecting warm blooded vertebrates, where only cats complete the coccidian life cycle and pass environmentally resistant oocysts in feces

Cats

What animal is the only species that can pass oocysts of toxoplasmosis

Hunting

How are cats infected with toxoplasmosis

Small bowel diarrhea, anterior/posterior uveitis

What symptoms do cats often show with toxoplasmosis

Identify organism thru cytology or PCR

How do you definitively diagnose feline toxoplasmosis

IgG

Which antibody best correlates with feline toxoplasmosis clinical illness, making it diagnostic when there is a four fold increase

Clindamycin, Topical glucocorticoids for uveitis

What is the #1 drug of choice to treat feline toxoplasmosis?

within 2-3 days of treatment

How long does it take for non-CNS or non-ocular lesions to resolve with feline toxoplamosis with treatment?

Yes

Is feline toxoplasmosis zoonotic?

Toxoplasmosis

Which disease primarily infects human women during gestation, which can affect the fetus?

c. touching individual cats

Which way can you NOT acquire toxoplasmosis, especially important as a pregnant woman?

a. ingestion of oocysts

b. ingestion in undercooked meat

c. touching individual cats

d. ingestion of unwashed vegetables which have been contaminated with cat feces

b. cytauxzoon

Which disease causes severe hemolytic anemia in CATS that is fatal unless caught early and treated properly?

a. toxoplasmosis

b. cytauxzoon

c. babesiosis

d. leishmaniasis

Cytauxzoonosis and Mycoplasma haemofelis

An outdoor cat presents with hemolytic anemia, fever, anorexia, depression, icterus, and pale mucous membranes. What are your top two differentials?

cytauxzoonosis

Regenerative anemia, pancytopenia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis are the most common hematologic findings of cytauxzoonosis or toxoplasmosis

Organism in RBC or PCR

How do you diagnose cytauxzoonosis?

Feline cytauxzoonosis (intracellular organism)

note: mycoplasma haemofelis, which also causes hemolytic anemia, is an extracellular organism

What is this?

Atovaquone and azithromycin

What is the treatment of choice for Cytauxzoonosis?

H. americanum

Hepatozoon canis and americanum are both relevant strains of hepatozoonosis. Which one affects North America?

Puppies

What age of dog most commonly shows clinical signs of hepatozoonosis?

c. hepatozoonosis

Fever, weight loss, severe hyperesthesia over paraspinal region, mucopurulent ocular discharge from destruction of tear glands, gait problems, muscle atrophy, and weakness are the most common clinical signs of what canine problem:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

Hepatozoonosis

Of the canine protozoal diseases, which presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis (20,000 - 200,000) with left shift?

Periosteal bone proliferation in long bones

What kind of bony changes do you see in dogs with Hepatozoonosis, even though there is no history of trauma?

Muscle biopsy (PCR also works)

What is the gold standard diagnosis for Hepatozoonosis?

c. hepatozoonosis

Trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine and clindamycin combination are the treatment of choice for 14 days for:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

d. neosporosis

Trimethoprim-sulfa + pyrimethamine OR clindamycin are the treatment of choice for 4 weeks for:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

Ascending paralysis with hyperextension of hindlimb in puppies

What is the most common clinical presentation of neosporosis?

d. neosporosis

Ascending paralysis with hyperextension of hindlimb in puppies tips you off to:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

Elevated creatine kinase and AST

What kind of CBC/chem changes occur with neosporosis?

FALSE = CNS signs irreversible

TRUE OR FALSE: CNS signs of neosporosis are reversible if treated with Trimethoprim-sulfa + pyrimethamine OR clindamycin early enough

Babesia gibsoni

What is your top differential for hemolytic anemia in DOGS

RBC

What cells does Babesia gibsoni affect in dogs?

babesia CANIS (teardrop "piriform" shape)

What is this in a dog?

Subclinical

It is more common a dog affected with Babesia gibonsi is clinical or subclinical in the united states

Pitbulls

What breed is overrepresented for Babesia gibsoni hemolytic anemia?

Acute Babesia gibonsi

An american pitbull presents with splenomegaly, thrombocyotpenia, and hemolytic regenerative anemia. Your tech says the RBC look "abnormal". Thoughts?

b. hypotensive shock

e. anemia

2 syndromes account for most of the clinical signs observed with babesia gibsoni are:

a. acute renal failure

b. hypotensive shock

c. CNS paralysis

d. adrenocorticism

e. anemia

f. appendicular cyanosis

PCR, serology, blood smear cytology

Name the tools to diagnose babesia gibonsi

IHMA (immune mediated hemolytic anemia) and IMTP (immune mediate thrombocytopenia)

What are your top two differentials apart from babesia gibsoni in a dog with hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

same as cytauxzoonosis

What is the top treatment of choice for Babesia gibsoni:

a. clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

a. clindamycin

What is the top treatment of choice for toxoplasmosis:

a. clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

same as babesia gibsoni

What is the top treatment of choice for cytauxzoonosis:

a. clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

What is the top treatment of choice for heptazoonosis:

a. clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

What is the top treatment of choice for neosporosis:

a. clindamycin

b. atovaquone and azithromycin

c. trimethoprim-sulfa, pyrimethamine AND clindamycin

d. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine OR clindamycin

Yes

Is leishmania zoonotic?

Dogs

What animals are the main reservoir host for Leishmania in humans?

Leishmaniasis

Exfoliative/ulcerative dermatitis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, and onychogryphosis (abnormal toenails) are characteristic of?

TOXOPLASMOSIS: bilateral anterior uveitis

What is happening in this cat?

Toxoplasmosis

These are 3 forms for what protozoal disease in cats?

Hepatozoonosis

What is this?

Hepatozoonosis

What protozoal disease could be affecting this dog?

Babesia giboni

What is this in a dog?

Leishmania

What is this in a dog?

Leishmania

What is this in a dog?

b. leishmaniasis

Hyperglobulinemia and renal failure are two main diseases of:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

b. leishmaniasis

Hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, nonregenerative anemia, and hyaline or fine granular urinary casts are suggestive of:

a. babesiosis

b. leishmaniasis

c. hepatozoonosis

d. neosporosis

Allopurinol

What is the Leishmania treatment