ABNOPSYCH: CHAPTER 5 ANXIETY & TRAUMA-RELATED DISORDERS

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Anxiety

A negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future ('shadow of intelligence').

Fear

Immediate alarm reaction to danger, characterized by strong escapist action tendencies and a surge in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

Panic Attack

An abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms (e.g., heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness).

Unexpected (Uncued) Panic Attacks

Panic attacks where the individual has no clue when or where the next attack will occur; important in panic disorder.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Activated by signals of unexpected events (from the brain stem or cortex); causes the tendency to freeze, experience anxiety, and evaluate the situation for danger.

Fight/Flight System (FFS)

A circuit originating in the brain stem that, when stimulated, produces an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling panic in humans; activated partly by deficiencies in serotonin.

Triple Vulnerability Theory

An integrated model where anxiety results from a combination of (1) generalized biological vulnerability (genetic tendency to be uptight), (2) generalized psychological vulnerability (belief the world is dangerous and uncontrollable), and (3) specific psychological vulnerability (learning some objects/situations are dangerous).

Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual; Major Depression is the most common additional diagnosis for all anxiety disorders.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Characterized by at least 6 months of excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), usually about minor, everyday life events, accompanied by symptoms like muscle tension and fatigue.

Autonomic Restrictors (GAD)

Individuals with GAD show less responsiveness on most physiological measures (low cardiac vagal tone) than those with other anxiety disorders, possibly due to intense cognitive worry/processing in the frontal lobes.

Metacognitions

Cognitions [beliefs] about cognitions [worrying].

Panic Disorder

Characterized by experiencing severe, unexpected panic attacks and developing substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack.

Nocturnal Panic

Panic attacks that occur during delta wave or slow wave sleep, typically hours after falling asleep, often occurring during the transitional state between sleep and waking.

Agoraphobia

Fear of the marketplace; characterized by avoiding or enduring with intense fear situations (e.g., public transportation, open spaces) where a person feels unsafe or unable to escape if panic or physical symptoms develop.

Interoceptive Avoidance

Avoidance of internal physical sensations, also occurring in panic disorder.

Specific Phobia

An irrational fear of a specific object or situation (formerly 'simple phobia').

Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia

A specific phobia subtype characterized by a marked drop in heart rate and blood pressure, often leading to fainting (vasovagal response); runs strongly in families.

Systematic Exposure (Phobia Treatment)

Treatment for phobias where individuals are exposed gradually to the phobic object or situation. For BII phobia, individuals must tense various muscle groups during exposure to prevent fainting.

Selective Mutism

A rare childhood disorder involving the lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected, typically lasting more than one month.

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

An irrational and extreme fear of social or performance situations.

Performance Anxiety (SAD Subtype)

No difficulty with social interaction, but anxiety takes over when the individual must do something specific in front of people.

D-Cycloserine (DCS)

A drug that can enhance exposure therapy for anxiety disorders by facilitating the extinction of anxiety via the glutamate system in the amygdala.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Developed after exposure to a traumatic event, with symptoms persisting for at least one month; symptoms include flashbacks and increased arousal.

Imaginal Exposure

A component of Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD where the patient works with the therapist to develop a narrative of the traumatic experience and confronts the intense images.

Acute Stress Disorder

Similar to PTSD but occurring within the first month after the trauma.

Obsessions (OCD)

Intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate.

Compulsions (OCD)

Thoughts or actions used to suppress the obsessions and provide relief.

Exposure And Ritual Prevention (ERP)

The most effective psychological treatment for OCD; rituals are actively prevented while the patient is systematically exposed to the feared thoughts or situations.

Thought-Action Fusion

Equating thoughts with the specific actions or activity represented by the thoughts, often found in OCD and caused by attitudes of excessive responsibility and guilt.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance ('imagined ugliness'), characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts and compulsive checking behaviors.

Hoarding Disorder

Characterized by excessive acquisition of things, difficulty discarding anything, and living with excessive clutter and disorganization.

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

The urge to pull out one’s own hair from anywhere on the body, resulting in noticeable hair loss.

Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder)

Repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin, leading to tissue damage.