Human Growth and Development Exam 4 -- Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

puberty

time between first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development; usually lasting 3-5 years and vital signs are achieved

psychosocial

despite puberty only lasting 3-5 years, it requires many more years to achieve ___________ maturity

weight, strength

physical growth develops and peaks in this order: _____________ -> height -> ________________

distal to proximal

in what direction to growth spurts occur

triple, doubles

during the adolescent period, the lungs ________ in size and the heart ___________ size

60-100 bpm

during the adolescent period, vital signs reach adult value. what is the adult value for heart rate

120/80

during the adolescent period, vital signs reach adult value. what is the adult value of blood pressure

12-20 breaths per minute

during the adolescent period, vital signs reach adult value. what is the adult value of respiratory rate

primary sex characteristics

parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

secondary sex characteristics

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity (shape, hair patterns, breast size)

menarche

onset of menstruation in girls (10-15 years) and average is 12 years

spermarche

first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-containing fluid in boys(11-16 years), avg is 13 years

genes, sex, body fat, stress

what 4 factors impact when puberty will begin

when their parents had theirs

how do genes affect the onset of puberty

girls have theirs sooner

how does sex affect the onset of puberty

earlier onset with a higher percentage

how does body fat affect the onset of pubery

earlier onset with higher levels

how does stress affect the onset of puberty

95

during adolescence, the brain is _________% of adult size and weight

myelination and pruning

what two brain functions are nearly complete by adolescence

limbic system

what system reaches maturity during adolescence that is responsible for regulating reward, desire, pleasure, and emotional experiences

frontal cortex

what continues to develop past adolescence, responsible for risk behavior

prefrontal cortex

what is still developing in the brain past adolescence and is responsible for inhibitions

myelination

what causes a decrease in reaction time

20

only ______% of teens get the optimal amount of sleep on school nights

motivation

sleep deprivation: decreased __________, intereference with learning

depression, tolerance

sleep deprivation: report higher levels of _____________, irritability, and lack of __________ for frustration

emotions

sleep deprivation: have difficulty controlling their ______________

appetite

sleep deprivation: overall, lacking sleep can cause an increase in ___________

formal operational thought

characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas like understanding that a hypothetical problem doesnt need to correspond to the real world

deductive

in formal operational thought, you can use ____________ reasoning to draw logical conclusions from facts

inductive reasoning

from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion; is less mature and concrete because it is based on personal experience; bottom-up

deductive reasoning

from a general statement (a known fact), premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics; top-down

hypothetical thought

includes reasoning that uses propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

intuitive thought

thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions

analytic thought

thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts; depends on logic and rationality

adolescent egocentrism

adolescents' thinking: thinking intensely about themselves

formal analytic thinking and emotional, experiential thinking

with maturity, what do adolescents gradually balance

imaginary audience

adolescents' thinking: others are watching them constantly

personal fable

adolescents' thinking: their experiences and feelings are unique

illusion of invulnerability

adolescents' thinking: misfortune happens only to others

identity vs role confusion

Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt

achievement

identity vs. role confusion: adolescent has decided what they want to do

diffusion

identity vs. role confusion: does not know or care what their identity is

foreclosure

identity vs. role confusion: adopt parents' or society's roles and values wholesale without questioning or analysis

moratorium

identity vs. role confusion: an adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions

use

harm from drugs: trying or experimenting with a substance

abuse

harm from drugs: feeling harm from a substance (hangover)

addiction

harm from drugs: feeling symptoms when using ceases

alcohol

most frequently abused drug; may permanently impair memory and self-control

tobacco

impairs digestion, nutrition, and can damage heart, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems

marijuana

more likely to drop out of school, become teenage parents, and be unemployed

emerging adulthood

period between the ages of 18 and 25, which is now widely thought of as a separate developmental stage

demographic diversity

emerging adulthood characteristic: hard to predict living situation (parent's home, own home, dorm, etc.)

subjective conceptions

emerging adulthood characteristic: people do not consider themselves an adult, but also do not consider themselves an adolescent

identity explorations

emerging adulthood characteristic: there are many different paths to take after adolescence to figure out who you are

risk behaviors

emerging adulthood characteristic: parents are not monitoring, less responsibility (no spouse, kids, etc.)

across culture

emerging adulthood characteristic: cultural differences in housing, marriage, etc.

largest

the emerging adulthood period accounts for the __________ gap in death rate between male and female

accident hump

a spike in the risk of death cases in men in their early 20s, corresponding with a peak in testosterone

6.5-8.5

how many hours of sleep should you get in emerging adulthood

postformal thought

occurs as a person is less impulsive and reactive and more practical and imaginative

relativistic thinking

the correct answer may vary from situation to situation

intimacy vs isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

linked lives

family value: the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other family members

financial support

family value: parents of all income levels in the United States help their adult children

emotional support

family value: families provide mental support to other family members

helicopter parent

the label used for parents who hover over their emerging adult children

functional significance

friendships in emerging adulthood reach peak _____________ ______________

activities, external

men tend to share ______________ and interests and talk about ____________ matters

secrets, problems, sympathy

women tend to share ______________, reveal their weaknesses and ______________, and expect ____________

love

western ideal that includes passion, intimacy, and commitment

changes, financial, communication

what makes relationships succeed: ____________ over time, _____________ security, and good ____________

demand/withdraw interaction

A situation in a romantic relationship wherein one partner wants to address an issue and the other refuses, resulting in opposite reactions—one insistent on talk while the other cuts short the conversation.