GCSE WJEC Biology- response and regulation of the body

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41 Terms

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negative feedback → blood glucose level rises

pancreas releases insulin into blood → body cells absorb more glusoce + liver absorbs glucose and stores it as glycogen → blood gucose level declines

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sense organ

groups of nerves

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stimuli

specific changes in the environment

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type 1 diabetes cause

body not producing insulin

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type 2 diabetes cause

body cells not properly responding to insulin that’s produced

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properties of reflex actions

  • fast

  • automatic

    protective

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stimuli

light + sound + touch + temp + chemicals

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hormones

chemical messengers carried by blood control many body functions

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negative feedback → blood glucose level falls

pancreas release glucagon → liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose → blood glucose level rises

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sense organs send information along specialised cells called … to the … in the form of …

sense organs send information along specialised cells called NEURONES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in the form of ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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synapse

point where 2 neurones meet + transfer information

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response

reaction to a stimulus

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effector (muscles/ glands)

carries out the response

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effector/ motor neurone

carries nerve impulses to the effector- muscle

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relay neurone

transfers a nerve impulse to the effector neurone

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sensory neurone

carries nerve impulses to central nervous system

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receptor/ sensory cells

recieves the stimulus

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central nervous system

made from the brain + spinal cord

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sweat gland

roduces sweat to cool body when too hot

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hair erector muscle

raises hair/ fur when body too cold

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nerve endings

sensitive to different stimuli

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pore

to let sweat get to surface of the skin

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homeostasis

keeping internal environment constant no matter the external environment

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sweat production in hot conditions

sweat pours onto skin surface evaporating taking excess heat from skin → cooler blood circulates and cools body (opposite in cold)

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shivering in cold conditions

muscle contraction requires energy from respiration → releases heat to warm body (opposite in heat)

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vasodilation in hot conditions

blood capillaries close to surface open up allowing more blood near surface → heat lost by radiation (opposite in cold- vasoconstriction)

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erector muscle in cold conditions

contracts pulling hair upwards → traps a layer of air- insulates the skin (opposite in heat)

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epidermis

layer of dead cells that protects the body

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sebaceous gland

produces oily substance making hair + skin waterproof + reduces germ growth

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blood capillary

carry blood and heat to surface of skin

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hair follicle

a tube in the skin where a hair grows

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subcutaneous gland

contains cells full of fat + oil to keep the body warm

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insulin

REDUCES blood glucose levels when too high

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controlling type 1 diabetes

control carbs eaten + inject insulin regularly

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controlling type 2 diabetes

control carbs eaten + take tablets to reduce glucose level in blood

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glucose is needed for

respiration

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glucagon

INCREASES blood lucose levels when too low

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alcohol effects

slows your reaction times + damages kidneys + liver

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controlling the level of glucose in blood

concentration rises → pancreas produces insulin (hormone) → liver responds and reduces level by converting glucose to insoluble glycogen → stores it

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